题目内容

Communicative activities allow for real information exchange.

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Speaking tasks involve pre-communicative activities which are usually controlled or semi-controlled, and communicative activities which are usually functional or social interactional.

Common characteristics in successful speaking tasks include: minimum foreign talk, even participation, high motivation, right language level.

Balancing accuracy-based practices with fluency-based practices is one of the principles for teaching speaking.

In the bottom-up model, listening comprehension is believed to start with sound and meaning recognition. Whereas, top-down processing refers to the use of background knowledge in understanding the meaning of a message.