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Balancing accuracy-based practices with fluency-based practices is one of the principles for teaching speaking.

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In the bottom-up model, listening comprehension is believed to start with sound and meaning recognition. Whereas, top-down processing refers to the use of background knowledge in understanding the meaning of a message.

Answering questions is a good example of how while-listening and post-listening is combined.

Listening for the gist and setting the scene for the students before listening are the very common types of pre-listening activity.

There are many opportunities to integrate listening with the practice of other language skills, especially at the while-listening stage. Tasks like role-play, discussion, debate, writing, etc, can be used in this stage.