Common characteristics in successful speaking tasks include: minimum foreign talk, even participation, high motivation, right language level.
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Balancing accuracy-based practices with fluency-based practices is one of the principles for teaching speaking.
In the bottom-up model, listening comprehension is believed to start with sound and meaning recognition. Whereas, top-down processing refers to the use of background knowledge in understanding the meaning of a message.
Answering questions is a good example of how while-listening and post-listening is combined.
Listening for the gist and setting the scene for the students before listening are the very common types of pre-listening activity.