A chest radiograph of an asymptomatic 37-year-old man showed a 3-cm nodule in the middle lobe of the right lung. The nodule was excised with a pulmonary wedge resection, and sectioning showed the nodule to be sharply circumscribed with a soft, white center. Culture of tissue from the nodule grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Which of the following pathologic processes has most likely occurred in this nodule. _ _
Apoptosis
B. Caseous necrosis
Coagulative necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
E. Fatty change
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The nonpregnant uterus of a 20-year-old woman measures 7×4×3 cm.The woman becomes pregnant and just before delivery of a term infant, the uterus measures 34×18×12 cm. Which of the following cellular processes has contributed most to the increase in uterine size. _ _
A. Endometrial glandular hyperplasia
B. Myometrial fibroblast proliferation
C. Endometrial stromal hypertrophy
D. Myometrial smooth muscle hypertrophy
E. Vascular endothelial hyperplasia
A 40-year-old woman has had chronic congestive heart failure for the past 3 years. In the past 2 months, she developed a cough productive of rust-colored sputum. A sputum cytology specimen shows numerous hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Which of the following subcellular structures in macrophages is most important for the accumulation of this pigment. _ _
A. Lysosome
B. Endoplasmic reticulum
C. Ribosome
D. Golgi apparatus
E. Chromosome
In an experiment, a large amount of a drug is administered to subjects and is converted by cytochrome P-450 to a toxic metabolite. The accumulation of this metabolite leads to increased lipid peroxidation within cells, causing damage to cell membranes and cell swelling. Depletion of which of the following substances by this mechanism within the cytosol exacerbates the cellular injury. _ _
ADP
B. Calcium
C. Glutathione
D. NADPH oxidase
E. Nitric oxide synthase
An experiment is conducted in which cells in tissue culture are subjected to high levels of ultraviolet radiant energy. Electron microscopy shows cellular damage in the form of increased cytosolic aggregates of denatured proteins. In situ hybridization reveals that protein components in these aggregates are also found in proteasomes. Which of the following substances is most likely to bind to the denatured proteins, targeting them for catabolism by cytosolic proteasomes. _ _
Adenosine monophosphate
B. (B) Calcium
C. (C) Caspase
D. Granzyme B
E. (E) Ubiquitin