An experiment is conducted in which cells in tissue culture are subjected to high levels of ultraviolet radiant energy. Electron microscopy shows cellular damage in the form of increased cytosolic aggregates of denatured proteins. In situ hybridization reveals that protein components in these aggregates are also found in proteasomes. Which of the following substances is most likely to bind to the denatured proteins, targeting them for catabolism by cytosolic proteasomes. _ _
Adenosine monophosphate
B. (B) Calcium
C. (C) Caspase
D. Granzyme B
E. (E) Ubiquitin
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For the past 2 days, a 41-year-old man has had a severe headache, and he now has a temperature of 39.2 ℃. A lumbar puncture is performed, and the cerebrospinal fluid obtained has a WBC count of 910/mm3 with 94% neutrophils and 6% lymphocytes. Which of the following substances is the most likely mediator for the fever observed in this patient. ()
A. Bradykinin
B. Leukotriene B4
C. Histamine
D. Myeloperoxidase
E. Tumor necrosis factor
A 40-year-old man has a history of intravenous drug use. Physical examination shows needle tracks in his left antecubital fossa. He has mild scleral icterus. Serologic studies for HBsAg and anti-HCV are positive. He develops hepatocellular carcinoma l5 years later. Which of the following best explains why this patient developed hepatocellular carcinoma. _ _
A. The consistent integration of these viruses in the vicinity of protooncogenes
B. The ability of these viruses to capture protooncogenes from the host DNA
C. Virus-induced injury to liver cells followed by extensive regeneration
D. The ability of viral genes to inactivate RB and p53 expression
E. The ability of these viruses to cause immunosuppression of the host
A 48-year-old woman notices a lump in her left breast. On physical examination, the physician palpates a firm, nonmovable, 2-cm mass in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast. There are enlarged, firm, nontender lymph nodes in the left axilla. A fine-needle aspiration biopsy is performed, and the cells present are consistent with carcinoma. A mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection is performed, and carcinoma is present in two of eight axillary nodes. Which of the following factors is most likely responsible for the lymph node metastases. _ _
A. Increased laminin receptors on tumor cells
B. Presence of keratin in tumor cells
C. Diminished apoptosis of tumor cells
D. Tumor cell monoclonality
E. Lymphadenitis
A 22-year-old woman has a congenital anemia that has required multiple transfusions of RBCs for many years. On physical examination, she now has no significant findings; however, liver function tests show reduced serum albumin. Which of the following findings would most likely appear in a liver biopsy specimen. _ _
A. Steatosis in hepatocytes
Bilirubin in canaliculi
C. Glycogen in hepatocytes
D. Amyloid in portal triads
E. Hemosiderin in hepatocytes