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目标置换效应：对于T作如何完成的关切，致使渐渐地让方法、技巧、程序的问题占据了一个人的心思，反而忘了整个目标的追求。换言之，“工作如何完成”逐渐代替了“工作完成了没有”。 下列不是目标置换的具体表现的一项是( )。
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随着市场经济的兴起和社会的进一步转型，在躁动一时的新潮美术沉寂之后，美术界逐步放弃了参照西方现代艺术样式的文化反叛，进入了贴近中国文化艺术传统和现实生存体验的自主探索阶段。美术创作开始了相对稳定的调整与回归，各类画种从不同角度和层面研究传统，寻找“中国语言”。此时的传统已不仅仅局限于旧时的中国书画传统，而是囊括了壁画、雕刻、年画、剪纸等民问文化艺术在内的整个中华民族的文化艺术传统。 对本段文字概括最准确的是( )。
只有跳起来能摘到苹果时，人才最用力去摘。倘若跳起来也摘不到，人就不跳了。如果坐着能摘到，无需去跳，便不会使人努力去做。由此可见．领导者给员工制定丁作定额时，要让员工经过努力就能完成，再努力就能超额，这才有利于调动员_T的积极性。定额太高使员工失去完成的信心，他就不努力去做；太低，唾手可得，员工也不会努力去做。 这段文字主要论述了( )。
癌变是一个很严重的问题。在从皮肤细胞转换成诱导性多功能细胞的过程中，利用逆转录病毒作为“特洛伊木马”，虽然能将“士兵”输送到“城内”，但是它们会把自身遗传物质直接整合到宿主细胞的DNA上，成为基凶组的一部分。这种能力可以让外来基因永久性地插入宿主细胞，并且一直表达。如果病毒基因不幸插入细胞基因组的特定位置，就可能导致DNA受到破坏，使细胞发生癌变。 文段中的“这种能力”是指( )。
Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive humans were closer to the animals (1) they, too, relied’upon their instincts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans (2) a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating (3) of a disease or (4) the condition of a wound. (5) there was so much that primitive humans did not (6) the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component ofthe beliefs about the causes and cures of heath (7) Therefore it is not (8) that early humans thought that illness was caused (9) evil spirit. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual to (10) harmful spirit from a diseased body.One of the. earliest (11) in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and (12) of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. The writing (13) to him has provided a number of principles underiying modern medical practice. One of his most famous (14) , the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics.Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived from a (15) of the natural science and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this (16) thesis, On Air, Water, and Places, Hippocrates pointed out that human well-being is (17) by the totality of environmental (18) : living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air, and food. (19) enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are (20) very much written in twentieth century. 14（）
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