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False rumors of fiscal improprieties damage the reputation of a bank. If management does not attempt to refute these rumors, they will circulate and eventually destroy customer confidence. But if management makes an effort to refute them, the refutation will raise more suspicions than it allays. If all of the statements above are true, which of the following must on the basis of them be true

A. The reputation of a bank cannot be influenced by heavy advertising campaigns.
B. True rumors of fiscal improprieties do not do as much damage to customer confidence in a bank as false rumors do.
C. The best strategy for bank managers to adopt in the face of false rumors of fiscal improprieties is to address them directly.
D. Management cannot prevent already existing false rumors of fiscal improprieties from threatening a bank’s reputation.
E. (E) A bank’s reputation for fiscal responsibility can be enhanced by favorable word of mouth.

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Politician: Unless our nation redistributes wealth, we will be unable to alleviate economic injustice and our current system will lead inevitably to intolerable economic inequities. If the inequities become intolerable, those who suffer from the injustice will retort to violence to coerce social reform. It is our nation’s responsibility to do whatever is necessary to alleviate conditions that would otherwise give rise to violent attempts at social reform. The statements above logically commit the politician to which one of the following conclusions

A. The need for political reform never justifies a resort to violent remedies.
B. It is our nation’s responsibility to redistribute wealth.
C. Politicians must base decisions on political expediency rather than on abstract moral principles.
D. Economic injustice need not be remedied unless it leads to intolerable social conditions.
E. (E) All that is required to create conditions of economic justice is the redistribution of wealth.

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George Bernard Shaw wrote: "That any sane nation, having observed that you could provide for the supply of bread by giving bakers a pecuniary interest in baking for you, should go on to give a surgeon a pecuniary interest in cutting off your leg is enough to make one despair of political humanity. Shaw’s statement would best serve as an illustration in an argument criticizing which of the following

A. Dentists who perform unnecessary dental work in order to earn a profit.
B. Doctors who increase their profits by specializing only in diseases that affect a large percentage of the population.
C. Grocers who raise the price of food in order to increase their profit margins.
D. Oil companies that decrease the price of their oil in order to increase their market share.
E. (E) Bakers and surgeons who earn a profit by supplying other peoples’ basic needs.

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Most discussions of the factors contributing to improvements in public health greatly underestimate the influence of the values held by individuals. This influence is indicated by the fact that the astonishing decline mortality from infectious disease during the past century was primarily due to an improvement in living conditions. To a substantial degree, these improvements depended on the emphasis by an increasing share of the population on cleanliness, prudence, and moderation. The main point of the passage is made primarily by

A. analyzing existing data on medical practices and health outcomes.
B. presenting a set of related cause-and-effect assertions.
C. applying several general principles to a specific case.
D. presenting a general observation and supporting it with several specific examples.
E. (E) refuting in detail a commonly accepted argument.

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The town of Greenfield recently instituted a substantial supplementary tax on all households, whereby each household is taxed in proportion to the volume of the trash that it puts out for trash collectors to pick up, as measured by the number of standard-sized garbage bags put out. In order to reduce the volume of the trash on which their tax bill is based, Greenfield households can deliver their recyclable trash to a conveniently located local commercial recycling center, where such trash is accepted free of charge. The supplementary tax provides some financial incentive to Greenfield households to do each of the following EXCEPT

A. sort out recyclable trash thoroughly from their other trash.
B. dump nonrecyclable trash illegally at parks and roadsides.
C. compress and nest items of nonrecyclable trash before putting them out for pickup.
D. deliver recyclable materials to the recycling center instead of passing them on to neighbors who want to reuse them.
E. (E) buy products without packaging or with recyclable rather than nonrecyclable packaging.

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