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The town of Greenfield recently instituted a substantial supplementary tax on all households, whereby each household is taxed in proportion to the volume of the trash that it puts out for trash collectors to pick up, as measured by the number of standard-sized garbage bags put out. In order to reduce the volume of the trash on which their tax bill is based, Greenfield households can deliver their recyclable trash to a conveniently located local commercial recycling center, where such trash is accepted free of charge. The supplementary tax provides some financial incentive to Greenfield households to do each of the following EXCEPT

A. sort out recyclable trash thoroughly from their other trash.
B. dump nonrecyclable trash illegally at parks and roadsides.
C. compress and nest items of nonrecyclable trash before putting them out for pickup.
D. deliver recyclable materials to the recycling center instead of passing them on to neighbors who want to reuse them.
E. (E) buy products without packaging or with recyclable rather than nonrecyclable packaging.

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In a study of more than 8,000 people using ten beaches on two of the Great Lakes, ecologists from the University of Toronto determined that the rate of respiratory and gastrointestinal illness among people who had been swimming was 69.6 per 1,000, whereas the respiratory and gastrointestinal illness rate among those who had not been swimming was only 29.5 per 1,000. Which of the following conclusions can be most properly drawn from the data above

A. People tend to underestimate the risks of swimming in these lakes.
B. Respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses occur at a higher rate as a result of swimming in either of these lakes than they do as a result of swimming in any other lake.
C. Illnesses of kinds other than respiratory and gastrointestinal are not likely to be associated with swimming in either of these lakes.
D. The association between swimming in these lakes and respiratory and gastrointestinal illness is some evidence for a causal relationship between them.
E. (E) A large percentage of the people who swim in these lakes are immune to the diseases that swimming may cause.

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That social institutions influence the formation of character has become a generally accepted proposition. This doctrine views individuals as but compliant recipients of social influence: personalities are entirely the products of society, and at any point in life an individual’s personality can be changed by management of the social world. Crime is said to exist only because society has in some ways failed in its responsibility to give every person the resources to lead a productive life. However, whereas it is tree that extreme poverty forces some people to steal, it is obvious that some persons will commit crimes no matter how well society treats them. Which of the following is implied by the "doctrine" (line 2) described in the passage above

A. Social institutions may reflect personality as much as they shape it.
B. Social influence on personality is most strongly felt by the affluent.
C. The concentration of wealth in the hands of a privileged few accounts for the existence of crime.
D. Bringing about social reform is the most likely means of curtailing crime.
E. (E) Less severe punishment of crime would be likely to result in more crime.

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Shanna: Owners of any work of art, simply by virtue of ownership, ethically have the right to destroy that artwork if they find it morally or aesthetically distasteful, or if caring for it becomes inconvenient. Jorge: Ownership of unique artworks, unlike ownership of other kinds of objects carries the moral right to possess but not to destroy. A unique work of art with aesthetic or historical value belongs to posterity and so must be preserved, whatever the personal wishes of its legal owner. On the basis of their statements, Shanna and Jorge are committed to disagreeing about the truth of which one of the following statements

Anyone who owns a portrait presenting his or her father in an unflattering light would for that reason alone be ethically justified in destroying it.
B. People who own aesthetically valuable works of art have no moral obligation to make them available for public viewing.
C. Valuable paintings by well-known artists are seldom intentionally damaged or destroyed by their owners.
D. If a piece of sculpture is not unique, its owner has no ethical obligation to preserve it if doing so proves burdensome.
E. (E) It is legally permissible for a unique and historically valuable mural to be destroyed by its owner if he or she tires of it.

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The body of anyone infected by virus X will, after a week, produce antibodies to fight the virus; the antibodies will increase in number for the next year or so. There is now a test that reliably indicates how many antibodies are present in a person’s body. If positive, this test can be used during the first year of infection to estimate to within a month how long that person has had the virus. Which one of the following conclusions is best supported by the statements above

Antibodies increase in number only until they have defeated the virus.
B. Without the test for antibodies, there is no way of establishing whether a person has virus X.
C. Antibodies are produced only for viral infections that cannot be fought by any other body defenses.
D. If a person remains infected by virus X indefinitely, there is no limit to the number of antibodies that can be present in the person’s body.
E. (E) Anyone infected by virus X will for a time fail to exhibit infection if tested by the antibody test.

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