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George Bernard Shaw wrote: "That any sane nation, having observed that you could provide for the supply of bread by giving bakers a pecuniary interest in baking for you, should go on to give a surgeon a pecuniary interest in cutting off your leg is enough to make one despair of political humanity. Shaw’s statement would best serve as an illustration in an argument criticizing which of the following

A. Dentists who perform unnecessary dental work in order to earn a profit.
B. Doctors who increase their profits by specializing only in diseases that affect a large percentage of the population.
C. Grocers who raise the price of food in order to increase their profit margins.
D. Oil companies that decrease the price of their oil in order to increase their market share.
E. (E) Bakers and surgeons who earn a profit by supplying other peoples’ basic needs.

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Most discussions of the factors contributing to improvements in public health greatly underestimate the influence of the values held by individuals. This influence is indicated by the fact that the astonishing decline mortality from infectious disease during the past century was primarily due to an improvement in living conditions. To a substantial degree, these improvements depended on the emphasis by an increasing share of the population on cleanliness, prudence, and moderation. The main point of the passage is made primarily by

A. analyzing existing data on medical practices and health outcomes.
B. presenting a set of related cause-and-effect assertions.
C. applying several general principles to a specific case.
D. presenting a general observation and supporting it with several specific examples.
E. (E) refuting in detail a commonly accepted argument.

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The town of Greenfield recently instituted a substantial supplementary tax on all households, whereby each household is taxed in proportion to the volume of the trash that it puts out for trash collectors to pick up, as measured by the number of standard-sized garbage bags put out. In order to reduce the volume of the trash on which their tax bill is based, Greenfield households can deliver their recyclable trash to a conveniently located local commercial recycling center, where such trash is accepted free of charge. The supplementary tax provides some financial incentive to Greenfield households to do each of the following EXCEPT

A. sort out recyclable trash thoroughly from their other trash.
B. dump nonrecyclable trash illegally at parks and roadsides.
C. compress and nest items of nonrecyclable trash before putting them out for pickup.
D. deliver recyclable materials to the recycling center instead of passing them on to neighbors who want to reuse them.
E. (E) buy products without packaging or with recyclable rather than nonrecyclable packaging.

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In a study of more than 8,000 people using ten beaches on two of the Great Lakes, ecologists from the University of Toronto determined that the rate of respiratory and gastrointestinal illness among people who had been swimming was 69.6 per 1,000, whereas the respiratory and gastrointestinal illness rate among those who had not been swimming was only 29.5 per 1,000. Which of the following conclusions can be most properly drawn from the data above

A. People tend to underestimate the risks of swimming in these lakes.
B. Respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses occur at a higher rate as a result of swimming in either of these lakes than they do as a result of swimming in any other lake.
C. Illnesses of kinds other than respiratory and gastrointestinal are not likely to be associated with swimming in either of these lakes.
D. The association between swimming in these lakes and respiratory and gastrointestinal illness is some evidence for a causal relationship between them.
E. (E) A large percentage of the people who swim in these lakes are immune to the diseases that swimming may cause.

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That social institutions influence the formation of character has become a generally accepted proposition. This doctrine views individuals as but compliant recipients of social influence: personalities are entirely the products of society, and at any point in life an individual’s personality can be changed by management of the social world. Crime is said to exist only because society has in some ways failed in its responsibility to give every person the resources to lead a productive life. However, whereas it is tree that extreme poverty forces some people to steal, it is obvious that some persons will commit crimes no matter how well society treats them. Which of the following is implied by the "doctrine" (line 2) described in the passage above

A. Social institutions may reflect personality as much as they shape it.
B. Social influence on personality is most strongly felt by the affluent.
C. The concentration of wealth in the hands of a privileged few accounts for the existence of crime.
D. Bringing about social reform is the most likely means of curtailing crime.
E. (E) Less severe punishment of crime would be likely to result in more crime.

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