A serious problem with some drugs is addiction, or drug dependence. That is, people come to depend on the regular consumption of a drug in order to make it through the day. When people think of drug addiction, they are likely to think of addicts huddled in slum doorways, the dregs of society who seldom venture into daylight- -unless it is to rob someone. They don't associate addiction with good," middle- class neighborhoods and solid citizens. But let's look at drug addiction a little more closely. Although most people may think of heroin as the prime example of an addictive drug, I suggest that nicotine is the better case to consider. I remember a next-door neighbor who stood in his backyard, a lit cigarette in his hand, and told me about the operation in which one of his lungs was removed. I say “I remember," because soon after our conversation he died from his addiction. Pattern ()
A. statement and clarification
B. summary
C. generalization and example
D. addition
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Human migration has by no means come to an end. Large-scale migrations still make daily news. The United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirms anyone's right to leave his or her homeland to seek a better life elsewhere, but it cannot guarantee that there will be any place willing to take anyone. As in the past, the major push and pull factors behind contemporary migration are economic and political. Also, people are trying to move from the poor countries to the rich countries and from the politically repressed countries to more democratic countries. In addition, millions of people are fleeing civil and international warfare. Pressures for migration are growing, and in coming years they may constitute the world's greatest political and economic problem. Pattern ()
A. statement and clarification
B. summary
C. generalization and example
D. addition
Sentencing by public humiliation" has taken many different forms over its long history. In ancient Greece, deserters from the army were displayed in public wearing women's clothes. In England, public drunkards were walked through the streets wearing only a barrel. Bridles were used on certain offenders in England and colonial America. These devices looked like cages that fit over the head with a metal place that fit into the mouth. Any movement of the tongue was painful. Bridles were used primarily on scolds," women who habitually lied or found fault with others. Use of stocks, pillories, and the ducking stool continued in England, France, and America until the early 1800s. These devices held the offender in public view in extremely uncomfortable positions for the purpose of ridicule and punishment. Pattern ()
A. statement and clarification
B. summary
C. generalization and example
D. addition
In sum, psychologically healthy people are emotionally, mentally, socially, and spiritually resilient. They most often respond to challenges and frustrations in appropriate ways, despite occasional slips. When they do slip, they recognize that fact and take action to rectify the situation. Pattern ()
A. statement and clarification
B. summary
C. generalization and example
D. addition
C. Decide which pattern of organization is used in each paragraph in questions 17-20.20. Ethnic groups exist because of their shared social experiences over time. To illustrate, during the first several decades of the twentieth century, hundreds of thousands of Italians immigrated to New York City through Ellis Island. Coming, as they did, from all over Italy, they had identified themselves before leaving Italy with their town, village, or city, and with their extended family networks. Upon arrival in the new world, however, they shared a number of common experiences, including living in the lower east side of Manhattan, reading ltalian-language newspapers, competing with other groups for jobs and resources, and buying ricotta cheese by the pound rather than in little plastic containers. These shared experiences over time forged a new ethnic identity as Italian-Americans, an identity which to some degree still exists today.______
A. cause and effect
B. comparison
C. contrast
D. classification