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Sentencing by public humiliation" has taken many different forms over its long history. In ancient Greece, deserters from the army were displayed in public wearing women's clothes. In England, public drunkards were walked through the streets wearing only a barrel. Bridles were used on certain offenders in England and colonial America. These devices looked like cages that fit over the head with a metal place that fit into the mouth. Any movement of the tongue was painful. Bridles were used primarily on scolds," women who habitually lied or found fault with others. Use of stocks, pillories, and the ducking stool continued in England, France, and America until the early 1800s. These devices held the offender in public view in extremely uncomfortable positions for the purpose of ridicule and punishment. Pattern ()

A. statement and clarification
B. summary
C. generalization and example
D. addition

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In sum, psychologically healthy people are emotionally, mentally, socially, and spiritually resilient. They most often respond to challenges and frustrations in appropriate ways, despite occasional slips. When they do slip, they recognize that fact and take action to rectify the situation. Pattern ()

A. statement and clarification
B. summary
C. generalization and example
D. addition

C. Decide which pattern of organization is used in each paragraph in questions 17-20.20. Ethnic groups exist because of their shared social experiences over time. To illustrate, during the first several decades of the twentieth century, hundreds of thousands of Italians immigrated to New York City through Ellis Island. Coming, as they did, from all over Italy, they had identified themselves before leaving Italy with their town, village, or city, and with their extended family networks. Upon arrival in the new world, however, they shared a number of common experiences, including living in the lower east side of Manhattan, reading ltalian-language newspapers, competing with other groups for jobs and resources, and buying ricotta cheese by the pound rather than in little plastic containers. These shared experiences over time forged a new ethnic identity as Italian-Americans, an identity which to some degree still exists today.______

A. cause and effect
B. comparison
C. contrast
D. classification

C. Decide which pattern of organization is used in each paragraph in questions 17-20.19. Members of the same social class share not only similar economic levels but also similar experiences, educational backgrounds, political views, memberships in organizations, occupations, and values. In addition, studies of social class have shown, not surprisingly, that members of a social class tend to associate more often with one another than with people in other classes. In other words, a person's life chances, though not determined, are very much influenced by social class._______

A. cause and effect
B. comparison
C. contrast
D. classification

C. Decide which pattern of organization is used in each paragraph in questions 17-20.18. Caste societies can be found in a number of regions of the world, such as among the Rwandans in Central Africa, but the best-known- -and certainly the best- described- -example of the caste system is in Hindu India. Hinduism's sacred Sanskrit texts rank all people into four categories, called varnas, which are associated with certain occupations. The highest caste, the Brahmins, were priests and scholars. The Kshatriyas were warriors. The Vaishyas were tradesmen. The Shudras were cultivators and servants.________

A. cause and effect
B. comparison
C. contrast
D. classification

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