Until recently, anthropologists generally agreed that higher primates originated about 30 million years ago in the A1 Fayyum region of Egypt. However, a 40-million-year-old fossilized fragment of a lower jawbone discovered in Burma (now called Myanmar) in 1978 was used to support the theory that the earliest higher primates originated in Burma. However, the claim is premature for______. Which one of the following, if true, is the most logical completion of the paragraph above
A. there are no more primate species in Burma than there are in Egypt
B. several anthropologists using different dating methods, independently confirmed the estimated age of the jawbone fragment
C. higher primates cannot be identified solely by their lower jawbones
D. several prominent anthropologists do not believe that higher primates could have originated in either Egypt or Burma
E. (E) other archaeological expeditions in Burma have unearthed higher-primate fossilized bone fragments that are clearly older than 40 million years
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Nineteenth-century art critics judged art by the realism of its method of representation. It was assumed that the realistic method developed from primitive beginnings to the perfection of formal realism. It is one of the permanent gains of the aesthetic revolution of the twentieth century that we are rid of this type of aesthetics. It can be inferred from the passage above that the artistic revolution of the twentieth century had which of the following effects
A. It deemphasized realistic representation as an evaluative consideration for judging works of art.
B. It permitted modern critics to appreciate the simplicity of primitive art.
C. It repudiated the realistic representation found in the art of the past.
D. It reinforced traditional ways of looking at and judging great art.
E. (E) It allowed art critics to understand the evolution and nature of art.
Anthropologists assert that cultures advance only when independence replaces dependence—that is, only when imposition by outsiders is replaced by initiative from within. In other words, the natives of a culture are the only ones who can move that culture forward. Non-natives may provide valuable advice, but any imposition of their views threatens independence and thus progress. If one looks at individual schools as separate cultures, therefore, the key to educational progress is obvious that ______. Which one of the following best completes the passage
A. individual schools must be independent of outside imposition
B. some schools require more independence than others, depending on the initiative of their staffs and students
C. school system officials must tailor their initiatives for change to each individual school in the system
D. outsiders must be prevented from participation in schools’ efforts to advance
E. (E) the more independent a school is, the more educational progress it will make
Efficiency and redundancy are contradictory characteristics of linguistic systems; however, they can be used together to achieve usefulness and reliability in communication. If a spoken language is completely efficient, then every possible permutation of its basic language rounds can be an understandable word. However, if the human auditory system is an imperfect receptor of sounds, then it is not true that every possible permutation of a spoken language’s basic language sounds can be an understandable word. If all of the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true
A. Efficiency causes a spoken language to be useful and redundancy causes it to be reliable.
B. Neither efficiency nor redundancy can be completely achieved in spoken language.
C. If a spoken language were completely redundant, then it could not be useful.
D. If the human auditory system were a perfect receptor of sounds, then every permutation of language sounds would be an understandable word.
E. (E) If the human auditory system is an imperfect receptor of sounds, then a spoken language cannot be completely efficient.
People cannot be morally responsible for things over which they have no control. Therefore, they should not be held morally responsible for any inevitable consequences of such things, either. Determining whether adults have any control over the treatment they are receiving can he difficult. Hence in some cases it can be difficult to know whether adults bear any moral responsibility for the way they are treated. Everyone, however sometimes acts in ways that are an inevitable consequence of treatment received as an infant, and infants clearly cannot control, and so are not morally responsible for, the treatment they receive. Anyone making the claims above would be logically committed to which one of the following further claims
An infant should never be held morally responsible for an action that infant has performed.
B. There are certain commonly performed actions for which no one performing those actions should ever be held morally responsible.
C. Adults who claim that they have no control over the treatment they are receiving should often be held at least partially responsible for being so treated.
D. If a given action is within a certain person’s control that person should be held morally responsible for the consequences of that action.
E. (E) No adult should be held morally responsible for every action he or she performs.