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Nineteenth-century art critics judged art by the realism of its method of representation. It was assumed that the realistic method developed from primitive beginnings to the perfection of formal realism. It is one of the permanent gains of the aesthetic revolution of the twentieth century that we are rid of this type of aesthetics. It can be inferred from the passage above that the artistic revolution of the twentieth century had which of the following effects

A. It deemphasized realistic representation as an evaluative consideration for judging works of art.
B. It permitted modern critics to appreciate the simplicity of primitive art.
C. It repudiated the realistic representation found in the art of the past.
D. It reinforced traditional ways of looking at and judging great art.
E. (E) It allowed art critics to understand the evolution and nature of art.

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Anthropologists assert that cultures advance only when independence replaces dependence—that is, only when imposition by outsiders is replaced by initiative from within. In other words, the natives of a culture are the only ones who can move that culture forward. Non-natives may provide valuable advice, but any imposition of their views threatens independence and thus progress. If one looks at individual schools as separate cultures, therefore, the key to educational progress is obvious that ______. Which one of the following best completes the passage

A. individual schools must be independent of outside imposition
B. some schools require more independence than others, depending on the initiative of their staffs and students
C. school system officials must tailor their initiatives for change to each individual school in the system
D. outsiders must be prevented from participation in schools’ efforts to advance
E. (E) the more independent a school is, the more educational progress it will make

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Efficiency and redundancy are contradictory characteristics of linguistic systems; however, they can be used together to achieve usefulness and reliability in communication. If a spoken language is completely efficient, then every possible permutation of its basic language rounds can be an understandable word. However, if the human auditory system is an imperfect receptor of sounds, then it is not true that every possible permutation of a spoken language’s basic language sounds can be an understandable word. If all of the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true

A. Efficiency causes a spoken language to be useful and redundancy causes it to be reliable.
B. Neither efficiency nor redundancy can be completely achieved in spoken language.
C. If a spoken language were completely redundant, then it could not be useful.
D. If the human auditory system were a perfect receptor of sounds, then every permutation of language sounds would be an understandable word.
E. (E) If the human auditory system is an imperfect receptor of sounds, then a spoken language cannot be completely efficient.

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People cannot be morally responsible for things over which they have no control. Therefore, they should not be held morally responsible for any inevitable consequences of such things, either. Determining whether adults have any control over the treatment they are receiving can he difficult. Hence in some cases it can be difficult to know whether adults bear any moral responsibility for the way they are treated. Everyone, however sometimes acts in ways that are an inevitable consequence of treatment received as an infant, and infants clearly cannot control, and so are not morally responsible for, the treatment they receive. Anyone making the claims above would be logically committed to which one of the following further claims

An infant should never be held morally responsible for an action that infant has performed.
B. There are certain commonly performed actions for which no one performing those actions should ever be held morally responsible.
C. Adults who claim that they have no control over the treatment they are receiving should often be held at least partially responsible for being so treated.
D. If a given action is within a certain person’s control that person should be held morally responsible for the consequences of that action.
E. (E) No adult should be held morally responsible for every action he or she performs.

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As part of a delicately balanced system, the human heart secretes a hormone, a substance that controls the amount of salt in the blood and the volume of blood circulating within the body. Only very small quantities of the hormone are required. This hormone is extremely important in regulating blood pressure and is found in large amounts in the blood of those suffering a heart attack. If the statements above are true, then it must also be true that

A. if there is a deficiency in the amount of heart hormone secreted, low blood pressure will result.
B. it is large quantities of the heart hormone that cause heart attacks to occur.
C. the effects of a small amount of the heart hormone will be long-lasting in the body.
D. if a device that is only a mechanical pump is used as an artificial heart, it will not perform all the functions of the human heart.
E. (E) any drug that regulates blood pressure will have its effect by influencing the amount of the heart hormone secreted.

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