Efficiency and redundancy are contradictory characteristics of linguistic systems; however, they can be used together to achieve usefulness and reliability in communication. If a spoken language is completely efficient, then every possible permutation of its basic language rounds can be an understandable word. However, if the human auditory system is an imperfect receptor of sounds, then it is not true that every possible permutation of a spoken language’s basic language sounds can be an understandable word. If all of the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true
A. Efficiency causes a spoken language to be useful and redundancy causes it to be reliable.
B. Neither efficiency nor redundancy can be completely achieved in spoken language.
C. If a spoken language were completely redundant, then it could not be useful.
D. If the human auditory system were a perfect receptor of sounds, then every permutation of language sounds would be an understandable word.
E. (E) If the human auditory system is an imperfect receptor of sounds, then a spoken language cannot be completely efficient.
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People cannot be morally responsible for things over which they have no control. Therefore, they should not be held morally responsible for any inevitable consequences of such things, either. Determining whether adults have any control over the treatment they are receiving can he difficult. Hence in some cases it can be difficult to know whether adults bear any moral responsibility for the way they are treated. Everyone, however sometimes acts in ways that are an inevitable consequence of treatment received as an infant, and infants clearly cannot control, and so are not morally responsible for, the treatment they receive. Anyone making the claims above would be logically committed to which one of the following further claims
An infant should never be held morally responsible for an action that infant has performed.
B. There are certain commonly performed actions for which no one performing those actions should ever be held morally responsible.
C. Adults who claim that they have no control over the treatment they are receiving should often be held at least partially responsible for being so treated.
D. If a given action is within a certain person’s control that person should be held morally responsible for the consequences of that action.
E. (E) No adult should be held morally responsible for every action he or she performs.
As part of a delicately balanced system, the human heart secretes a hormone, a substance that controls the amount of salt in the blood and the volume of blood circulating within the body. Only very small quantities of the hormone are required. This hormone is extremely important in regulating blood pressure and is found in large amounts in the blood of those suffering a heart attack. If the statements above are true, then it must also be true that
A. if there is a deficiency in the amount of heart hormone secreted, low blood pressure will result.
B. it is large quantities of the heart hormone that cause heart attacks to occur.
C. the effects of a small amount of the heart hormone will be long-lasting in the body.
D. if a device that is only a mechanical pump is used as an artificial heart, it will not perform all the functions of the human heart.
E. (E) any drug that regulates blood pressure will have its effect by influencing the amount of the heart hormone secreted.
Consider three fish swimming together in a school. The space within which each fish can be seen by predator Y is defined by a sphere centered on the fish and having a radius that is the maximum distance Y can see. The school is vulnerable to attack when Y is within one of the three spheres. The spheres overlap to a great extent, since the fish are in a compact group. Which of the following is a reliable inference to be drawn from the passage above
A. The vulnerability to attack of the school as a whole is not much greater than the vulnerability to attack of any one fish in the school.
B. There is less chance that predator Y will attack a school of four fish than that it will attack a school of three fish.
C. Fish who swim in schools are less likely to be devoured by predators than are fish who do not swim in schools.
D. The maximum distance at which an individual fish is visible depends less on the size of the fish than on whether the fish is swimming in a school.
E. (E) The maximum distance at which predator Y can see its prey is increased if Y is itself swimming in a school of Y’s.
Economist: Any country that is economically efficient will generate wealth. Such a country will remain politically stable only if that wealth is distributed equitably. The equitable distribution of wealth puts an end to risk taking, the indispensable precondition of economic efficiency. Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn on the basis of the statements above
A. No country can indefinitely remain both economically efficient and politically stable.
B. No country can indefinitely remain both politically unstable and wealthy.
C. Economic efficiency is the indispensable precondition for the generation of wealth in a country.
D. Any country in which wealth is distributed equitably will indefinitely remain politically stable.
E. (E) Growing economic efficiency encourages risk taking, which in turn leads to further growth in economic efficiency.
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