Which of the following statements about ecocentrism are correct?
A. The ecocentrist is even more generous than the radical biocentrist in his account of moral status.
B. He believes it is not just individual living things that matter but also whole ecosystems and species, and for some ecocentrists, even the built environment; cities, towns, opera houses, and football stadia.
C. To the ecocentrist a tropical rainforest, a mountain, and a stream are as intrinsically valuable as human beings.
D. Rolston argued that ecosystems are intrinsically valuable because of the naturalness of the historical processes that have produced them.
Which of the following statements about ecofeminisim are correct?
A. Ecofeminism is a term coined by the French writer Françoise d'Eaubonne (1920–2005) in 1974. It represents women's potential for bringing about an ecological revolution to ensure human survival on the planet.
B. Such an ecological revolution would entail new gender relations between women and men and between humans and nature.
C. Liberal, radical, and socialist feminism have all been concerned with improving the human/nature relationship, and each has contributed to an ecofeminist perspective in different ways.
D. Liberal feminism is consistent with the objectives of reform environmentalism to alter human relations with nature through the passage of new laws and regulations.
Which of the following statements about the land ethic are correct?
Aldo Leopold (1887–1948) wrote, among other things, the famous essay, "The Land Ethic." In it, Leopold argues that our relationship with the land is an ethical one in which we understand ourselves as being a part of a biotic community that includes the land.
B. "Right" and "wrong" are to be understood through the well-being of the community as a whole. Under this understanding a person could justify farming, hunting, or other use of natural resources as long as the integrity, stability, and beauty of the particular natural community has been maintained.
C. Such an outlook has been called ethical holism because ethical judgments about projects involving nature are made from this perspective.
D. Pivotal to this understanding is the notion of a land pyramid in which one distinguishes the importance of the pyramid's lower layers: the soil and the primary producers.
Which of the following statements about deep ecology are correct?
Arne Naess (1912–2009) was one of the founders of deep ecology.Naess' contrast of the shallow and the deep leads to a redefinition of the self along the lines of the Hindu concept of atman, or true self.
B. Deep ecology seeks to move the locus of value away from the individual to some other unit.
C. The deep ecologists go one step further and identify the biosphere as the basic unit. Thus, not only an individual’s desires, but also the self-interested desires of all the human community can be overridden.
D. Through a plan of conscious simplicity of life ("simple in means and rich in ends"), Naess proposes a profound and fundamental shift in the way we situate ourselves vis-à-vis the natural environment. In his essay, Naess contrasts the viewpoint of mainstream anthropocentric environmentalists (shallow ecology) with the position he is advocating (deep ecology).
Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsocialecologyarecorrect?
A. MurrayBookchin(1921–2006)wasasocialecologist.Socialecologistsdifferfromdeepecologistsbecausesocialecologistsdonotthinkthatdeepecologistsgiveenoughemphasistotherolesthatcapitalismandgovernmentplayinnature'sdestruction.
Bookchin'sworldviewhaselementsofMarxismanddeepecologythatareunitedtoamoregeneralpurpose:usingtheworldviewcreatedbythesevaluestoreformsocietyfromtoptobottom.
C. Thisviewhasbeencharacterizedas"social/politicalanarchism"and"libertariansocialecology."UnlikemostMarxists,Bookchindoesnotbelieveineconomicdeterminismorinthedictatorshipoftheproletariat.
D. TheaspectofMarxthatBookchinmostadmiresistheanalysisofsocialdomination.Wecaneasilyseehowacceptingthetenetsofdeepecology(especiallytheredefinitionofself)canleadtoamorecooperativesocialorganization.
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