Which of the following statements about the land ethic are correct?
Aldo Leopold (1887–1948) wrote, among other things, the famous essay, "The Land Ethic." In it, Leopold argues that our relationship with the land is an ethical one in which we understand ourselves as being a part of a biotic community that includes the land.
B. "Right" and "wrong" are to be understood through the well-being of the community as a whole. Under this understanding a person could justify farming, hunting, or other use of natural resources as long as the integrity, stability, and beauty of the particular natural community has been maintained.
C. Such an outlook has been called ethical holism because ethical judgments about projects involving nature are made from this perspective.
D. Pivotal to this understanding is the notion of a land pyramid in which one distinguishes the importance of the pyramid's lower layers: the soil and the primary producers.
Which of the following statements about deep ecology are correct?
Arne Naess (1912–2009) was one of the founders of deep ecology.Naess' contrast of the shallow and the deep leads to a redefinition of the self along the lines of the Hindu concept of atman, or true self.
B. Deep ecology seeks to move the locus of value away from the individual to some other unit.
C. The deep ecologists go one step further and identify the biosphere as the basic unit. Thus, not only an individual’s desires, but also the self-interested desires of all the human community can be overridden.
D. Through a plan of conscious simplicity of life ("simple in means and rich in ends"), Naess proposes a profound and fundamental shift in the way we situate ourselves vis-à-vis the natural environment. In his essay, Naess contrasts the viewpoint of mainstream anthropocentric environmentalists (shallow ecology) with the position he is advocating (deep ecology).
Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsocialecologyarecorrect?
A. MurrayBookchin(1921–2006)wasasocialecologist.Socialecologistsdifferfromdeepecologistsbecausesocialecologistsdonotthinkthatdeepecologistsgiveenoughemphasistotherolesthatcapitalismandgovernmentplayinnature'sdestruction.
Bookchin'sworldviewhaselementsofMarxismanddeepecologythatareunitedtoamoregeneralpurpose:usingtheworldviewcreatedbythesevaluestoreformsocietyfromtoptobottom.
C. Thisviewhasbeencharacterizedas"social/politicalanarchism"and"libertariansocialecology."UnlikemostMarxists,Bookchindoesnotbelieveineconomicdeterminismorinthedictatorshipoftheproletariat.
D. TheaspectofMarxthatBookchinmostadmiresistheanalysisofsocialdomination.Wecaneasilyseehowacceptingthetenetsofdeepecology(especiallytheredefinitionofself)canleadtoamorecooperativesocialorganization.
Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutecofeminisimarecorrect?
A. LikeMarxistfeminists,socialistfeministsseenonhumannatureasthematerialbasisofhumanlife,supplyingthenecessitiesoffood,clothing,shelter,andenergy.
B. Whileradicalfeminismhasdelvedmoredeeplyintothewoman/natureconnection,socialistfeminismhasthepotentialforamorethoroughcritiqueofthedominationissue.
C. Theconceptisthataconnectionexistsbetweentheaspectsofdominationthathumansexertonthebiosphereandthemale-dominatedsocialsystemthatexertsdominationoverwomen.
D. Thevariousaspectsofthislogicofdominationarecentraltoeco-feminism.
Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsocialistecofeminisimarecorrect?
A. Socialistecofeminismgroundsitsanalysisincapitalistpatriarchyandwouldtotallyrestructure,throughasocialistrevolution,thedominationofwomenandnatureinherentinthemarketeconomy'suseofbothasresources.
B. Forsocialistecofeminism,environmentalproblemsarerootedintheriseofcapitalistpatriarchyandtheideologythattheEarthandnaturecanbeexploitedforhumanprogressthroughtechnology.
C. Historically,theriseofcapitalismerodedthesubsistence-basedfarmandcityworkshopinwhichproductionwasorientedtowardusevaluesandmenandwomenwereeconomicpartners.
D. Socialistfeminismincorporatesmanyoftheinsightsofradicalfeminism,butviewsbothnatureandhumannatureashistoricallyandsociallyconstructed.Humannatureisseenastheproductofhistoricallychanginginteractionsbetweenhumansandnature,menandwomen,classes,andraces.
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