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中国近代史概况 19世纪初，清王朝迅速衰败。英国在这一时期向中国输入大量鸦片(opium)，清政府力图查禁鸦片。英国为保护鸦片贸易，于1840年对中国发动了侵略战争，清政府最后同英国政府签订了丧权辱国的《南京条约》(Treaty of Nanking)。鸦片战争之后，英、美、法、俄、日等国家不断强迫清政府签订各种不平等条约，中国逐渐沦为半殖民地半封建社会。1911年，孙中山(Dr. Sun Yat-sen)领导的辛亥革命推翻了清王朝的统治，同时也结束了2000多年的封建君主制(feudal monarchy)，建立了中华民国。

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曲艺曲艺是指民谣、说书和相声(crosstalk)等民间说唱艺术形式。作为中国古代的表演艺术，曲艺是不同表演类型的统称，表现形式为说、唱或二者兼有。作为独立的艺术形式，曲艺兴起于唐朝中期，繁荣于宋朝。曲艺深植于中国，可分为三大类型、400个曲种。三大类型是说书、说唱艺术和笑话。说书既可以只用语言，也可以配乐，北方最典型的无伴奏类型之一是评书(Pingshu)；说唱艺术似乎听众最多；笑话最重要的形式是相声。在口音或音乐方面，每种类型都有强烈的地方色彩。

患者，男，62岁，拟行肺大疱切除术。慢性支气管炎20余年，巨大肺大疱破裂后发生张力性气胸，行胸腔闭式引流3天。处理错误的是

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二十四节气二十四节气(24 solar terms)是统称，包括十二节气(12 major solar terms)和十二中气(12 minor solar terms)，它们彼此之间相互关联。二十四节气反映了天气变化，可以指导农业耕作，也影响着人们的生活。春秋战国时期，人们开始使用节气作为补充历法。公元前104年，二十四节气最终确立。众所周知，中国是一个有着悠久农业发展史的国家。农业生产受自然规律影响极大。在古代，农民根据太阳的运动安排农业生产活动。二十四节气考虑到了太阳的位置，这就是我们重视它的原因。

Members of the city council of a small city are considering a plan to develop a strip of land in the downtown area, between a lake and bay. Currently, the area contains several unoccupied buildings scheduled for demolition, vacant lots between buildings, and a small wooded area on the lakeside. The plan calls for the construction of several blocks of mixed- use buildings up to six stories in height. All street-level spaces will be for commercial and retail use. The upper stories will be devoted mainly to residential use. City planners have determined that development of the land will beautify and improve the area, which will motivate people to live and shop downtown. The development will help solve the city’s growing need for residential space by providing much-needed housing in the downtown core. The plan includes more than one hundred condominiums, two apartment buildings, and four blocks of townhouses. Many of the residential buildings will have the added attraction of rooftop recreational facilities, such as swimming pools, tennis courts, and restaurants. The project will rejuvenate the area and turn it into a desirable place to live, thereby attracting more people to live downtown. The project will benefit the city economically in several ways. The construction phase will create numerous jobs in the building trades. Upon completion of construction, the area will attract a variety of small businesses, such as restaurants, bookstores, art galleries, clothing boutiques, and specialty shops. These businesses will provide hundreds of new jobs, as well as attract residents and tourists to the downtown area. This growth in economic activity will benefit the city through additional revenue from the sales tax. Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may look at the reading passage during the writing time. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they oppose specific points made in the reading passage.