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二十四节气二十四节气(24 solar terms)是统称，包括十二节气(12 major solar terms)和十二中气(12 minor solar terms)，它们彼此之间相互关联。二十四节气反映了天气变化，可以指导农业耕作，也影响着人们的生活。春秋战国时期，人们开始使用节气作为补充历法。公元前104年，二十四节气最终确立。众所周知，中国是一个有着悠久农业发展史的国家。农业生产受自然规律影响极大。在古代，农民根据太阳的运动安排农业生产活动。二十四节气考虑到了太阳的位置，这就是我们重视它的原因。

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Members of the city council of a small city are considering a plan to develop a strip of land in the downtown area, between a lake and bay. Currently, the area contains several unoccupied buildings scheduled for demolition, vacant lots between buildings, and a small wooded area on the lakeside. The plan calls for the construction of several blocks of mixed- use buildings up to six stories in height. All street-level spaces will be for commercial and retail use. The upper stories will be devoted mainly to residential use. City planners have determined that development of the land will beautify and improve the area, which will motivate people to live and shop downtown. The development will help solve the city’s growing need for residential space by providing much-needed housing in the downtown core. The plan includes more than one hundred condominiums, two apartment buildings, and four blocks of townhouses. Many of the residential buildings will have the added attraction of rooftop recreational facilities, such as swimming pools, tennis courts, and restaurants. The project will rejuvenate the area and turn it into a desirable place to live, thereby attracting more people to live downtown. The project will benefit the city economically in several ways. The construction phase will create numerous jobs in the building trades. Upon completion of construction, the area will attract a variety of small businesses, such as restaurants, bookstores, art galleries, clothing boutiques, and specialty shops. These businesses will provide hundreds of new jobs, as well as attract residents and tourists to the downtown area. This growth in economic activity will benefit the city through additional revenue from the sales tax. Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may look at the reading passage during the writing time. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they oppose specific points made in the reading passage.

In recent decades, space-based observations have led astronomers to change their previous view that Pluto was the ninth planet in the solar system. By a strong majority, the International Astronomical Union voted to change the definition of what it means to be a planet. The new definition states that, in order to be called a planet, an object must meet three criteria. First, it must orbit the sun. Second, it must be large enough to have a round shape due to the force of its own gravity. Third, it must dominate the neighborhood of its orbit by clearing the region of other large bodies. Pluto meets the first two criteria. It orbits the sun, is round in shape, and has an estimated diameter of 2,400 kilometers. However, Pluto does not meet the third criterion because it does not dominate the region of its orbit. As a planet forms, it becomes the strongest gravitational body in its orbit, and this gravity causes it to sweep up asteroids, comets, and other debris around it. Pluto’s orbit remains crowded with other objects, many of which are nearly as large as Pluto itself. The new definition of planet is clear and precise, and Pluto does not qualify. Astronomers now agree that Pluto is not a true planet. Instead, Pluto and its moons are part of a collection of objects called the Kuiper Belt. Astronomers have redefined Pluto as a dwarf planet, an object too small to be a real planet but too large to be a space rock. Unless Pluto gains mass by crashing into and absorbing the other objects in its orbit, it will remain a dwarf planet and not a true planet. Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may look at the reading passage during the writing time. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they contradict specific points made in the reading passage.

年度热词年度热词(annual hot word)是互联网时代产生的一种新的文化景观(cultural landscape)。自2009年开始的每年年末，主流报纸、杂志、网络和广大网民共同评选出当年最火最热的十大流行词，成为当年的年度热词。这些精心挑选出的年度热词的来源五花八门，有的是网民根据社会现象发明创造出来的别具一格的新词，有的是轰动一时的社会事件的关键词。年度热词不仅同国际国内政治、经济、文化息息相关，更与人们的日常生活有紧密联系。

People who are especially talented in solving problems that concern an understanding of space are said to have visual-spatial intelligence, a superior visual sense. People with visual-spatial intelligence are able to perceive patterns. They will notice immediately when a building, painting, or face is not symmetrical. They can recognize objects, both when the objects are seen in their original setting and when some part of the original setting has changed. Their ability to perceive patterns enables them to draw whatever object they see, usually after seeing the object for only a short time. Typically, visual-spatial intelligence involves several related capacities, such as the ability to create and transform mental imagery, the ability to mentally rotate complex forms and "see" objects from various angles, and the ability to draw a picture or map of spatial information. Visual-spatial skills are used when an individual works with graphic depictions--two-dimensional or three-dimensional versions of real-world scenes--as well as other symbols, such as maps, diagrams, or geometrical forms. People with visual-spatial intelligence have a superior visual memory, or visual imagination, but this memory is abstract rather than pictorial--a kind of geometrical memory. A visual imagination involves the ability to predict and plan ahead. People with a visual imagination are skilled at understanding patterns, including patterns of mental reasoning, which enables them to predict actions and their consequences before these actions occur. For this reason, many people with visual-spatial intelligence love to play games. Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may look at the reading passage during the writing time. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they illustrate specific points made in the reading passage.