Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutbiocentrismarecorrect?
A. Species and ecosystems must be valued intrinsically because they carry a strength.
B. One ought to value what works well and demonstrates strength. Thus, we should respect the environment because of the intrinsic value that is demonstrated by its strength.
C. Paul Taylor's essay calls for a worldview that respects nature. He believes that the proper worldview will shape many of the smaller issues. One of the key elements of this worldview is a commitment to the biocentric outlook.
D. In this outlook, biocentrists recognize what the entire biotic community has done for this world: It has allowed humans to come into existence.
InPaulW.Taylor'sessay"RespectforNature:ATheoryofEnvironmentalEthics"(1986), the core of his biocentric outlooks is:
A. 1. The belief that humans are members of the Earth's Community of Life in the same sense and on the same terms in which other living things are members of that Community.
B. 2. The belief that the human species, along with all other species, are integral elements in a system of interdependence such that the survival of each living thing, as well as its chances of faring well or poorly, is determined not only by the physical conditions of its environment but also by its relations to other living things.
C. 3. The belief that all organisms are teleological centers of life in the sense that each is a unique individual pursuing its own good in its own way.
D. 4. The belief that humans are not inherently superior to other living things.
Which of the following statements about ecocentrism are correct?
A. The ecocentrist is even more generous than the radical biocentrist in his account of moral status.
B. He believes it is not just individual living things that matter but also whole ecosystems and species, and for some ecocentrists, even the built environment; cities, towns, opera houses, and football stadia.
C. To the ecocentrist a tropical rainforest, a mountain, and a stream are as intrinsically valuable as human beings.
D. Rolston argued that ecosystems are intrinsically valuable because of the naturalness of the historical processes that have produced them.
Which of the following statements about ecofeminisim are correct?
A. Ecofeminism is a term coined by the French writer Françoise d'Eaubonne (1920–2005) in 1974. It represents women's potential for bringing about an ecological revolution to ensure human survival on the planet.
B. Such an ecological revolution would entail new gender relations between women and men and between humans and nature.
C. Liberal, radical, and socialist feminism have all been concerned with improving the human/nature relationship, and each has contributed to an ecofeminist perspective in different ways.
D. Liberal feminism is consistent with the objectives of reform environmentalism to alter human relations with nature through the passage of new laws and regulations.
Which of the following statements about the land ethic are correct?
Aldo Leopold (1887–1948) wrote, among other things, the famous essay, "The Land Ethic." In it, Leopold argues that our relationship with the land is an ethical one in which we understand ourselves as being a part of a biotic community that includes the land.
B. "Right" and "wrong" are to be understood through the well-being of the community as a whole. Under this understanding a person could justify farming, hunting, or other use of natural resources as long as the integrity, stability, and beauty of the particular natural community has been maintained.
C. Such an outlook has been called ethical holism because ethical judgments about projects involving nature are made from this perspective.
D. Pivotal to this understanding is the notion of a land pyramid in which one distinguishes the importance of the pyramid's lower layers: the soil and the primary producers.
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