We are always negotiating, not only in business, but also in our private lives, from deciding what to watch on TV to deciding where to go on holiday. Rarely, in fact, (1) any form of decision reached without some form of negotiation.But (2) we practise the art on a regular basis, it is always useful to review what we already subconsciously know. The following tips provide you (4) strategies for negotiating effectively, no matter (4) situation you find yourself in.Firstly, try to make it a win-win situation. Start with the attitude that all parties should get something out of the deal. Look at the common ground, (5) only at the gaps between you.Secondly, try to find out what is cheap for you but valuable to your negotiating partner and vice versa. Exchanging something you don’t want (6) something you actually do want is, of course, the aim of (7) parties involved.Thirdly, be aware of your BATNA, your Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement. You won’t always get (8) very deal you wanted so you need to bear in mind your best alternative if the negotiation fails. In fact, telling your negotiating partner, "thanks but I can get a better deal elsewhere" often brings about movement in the other side’s position!And finally, be creative. Think of the exercise (9) both sides coming together to solve a common problem. Developing the valuable skills you need to negotiate most effectively takes time and effort, but by taking on just a (10) simple techniques, you can make all the difference. 8()
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TEXT E At dusk, a sparrow flies through the dark woods in search of a meal. Spotting a plump hawkmoth clinging to a large tree trunk, the bird lands on a nearby branch. Moving in for the attack, the sparrow suddenly spies a pair of round, menacing eyes. The eyes seem to move up and down like those of an owl. Within a second, the sparrow is all tail feathers as it makes its retreat. But what about the moth In order to avoid being eaten, the moth practised a bit of natural "tom foolery" by exposing its secret weapon--eyespots on its wings. Eyespots are round markings or colorations on animals which look like real eyes. Many in- sects, as well as fish and frogs, use them--in a variety of ways--as a defense against predators. Eyespots can scare an attacker away--as in the case of the moth above--by making the attacker think it is facing one of its predators. Or they can simply fool predators into thinking they are being watched. Even when the false eyes don’t stop an attack, they may enable the one who wears them to survive. You see, eyespots are often located "far" from vital organs, on wings, for instance. They lure predators into attacking the "wrong end" of their prey. The tropical butterfly fish, for example, has an eyespot at the base of its tail. Predatory fish will often try to attack this spot, confusing the dark circle for a real eye--only to find the fish escaping in a completely unexpected direction. The eyespots on a peacock butterfly’s wings work in a similar way. By luring the predator to the wings instead of the body, the eyespots protect the peacock butterfly’s head from attack. Although the insect may lose a claw or suffer a clipped wing, at least it hasn’t lost its head! Eyespots work because they take advantage of a weakness in predators, known as "innocence of the eye." Basically, this means that animals believe what they see. Unlike humans, some animals cannot reason beyond what their instincts and past experiences tell them. So, if something looks like an eye to a predator, then it must be an eye--even if it graces the delicate wing of a butterfly. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true
An insect can use its eyespots to protect itself without any cost.
B. The predator of a tropical butterfly fish usually attacks its tail.
C. The predator of a tropical butterfly fish cannot predict in which direction it will escape.
D. A peacock butterfly has eyespots on its claws.
TEXT B Why do you teach My friend asked the question when I told him that I didn’t want to be considered for an administrative position. He was puzzled that I did not want what was an obvious "step-up" towards what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power. Certainly I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me. Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, writer, carpenter. For me teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. Sweaty-palm, because run always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool I am. Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I fell compelled to share. Sometimes I am amazed that my students actually take notes on what I say in class! Why then do I teach I teach because I like the pace of the academic calendar. June, July and August offer an opportunity for reflection, research, writing. I teach because teaching is a profession built on change. When the material is the same, I change--and, more importantly, my students change. I teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to learn my own lessons, to stimulate myself and my students. As a teacher, I’m my own boss. If I want my freshmen to learn to write by creating their own textbook, who is to say I can’t such course may be huge failures, but we can learn from failures. I teach because I like to ask questions that students must struggle to answer. The world is full of right answers to bad questions. While teaching, I sometimes find good questions. I teach because I enjoy finding ways of getting myself and my students out of the ivory tower and into the real world. I once taught a course called "Self-Reliance in a Technological Society". My 15 students read Emerson, Thoreau and Huxley. They kept diaries. They wrote term papers. But we also set up a corporation, borrowed money, purchased a run-down house and practiced self-reliance by renovating it. At the end of the semester, we sold the house, repaid the loan, paid our taxes and distributed the profits among the group. So, teaching gives me pace and variety, and challenge, and the opportunity to keep on learning. Which of the following statements about the course of "Self-Reliance in a Technological Society" is true
A. It included reading and writing assignments only.
B. It was sponsored by a corporation.
C. It was given in a run-down house.
D. Both the students and the teacher got some money from it.
TEXT A Maoritanga is Maori culture: the Maori way of life and view of the world. Maoritanga is a growing and changing part of life in Aotearoa (New Zealand). Maori have adopted many aspects of western culture as their own, and more and more New Zealanders now share in the riches of Maori heritage. Most Maori people can trace descent for the chiefs of Hawaiki who sailed to Aotearoa in ocean-going sailing canoes. Aotearoa had been discovered by the great explorer Kupe who passed on sailing directions when he returned to Hawaiki. Archaeological evidence supports Maori oral traditions and genealogical records which suggest Kupe lived about 1200 years ago. The colonists from Hawaiki--probably situated in the area now known as French Polynesia--found other Polynesian people already living in Aotearoa. The voyagers inter-married with them and established a tribal society in which kinship and links with land are key elements. The marae--the meeting house and land around it--is the focus of Maori community life. The land and buildings are the venue for major social, political and ceremonial occasions. The meeting house synthesizes many aspects of Maori design and craft: the structure itself has a human form and is named after an ancestor, and it signifies the unity of the tribal group. The open ground in front of the house is symbolic of the tribal land holding from which tribal identity and mana (prestige) are derived. The whole marae operates according to democratic principles which have evolved from the strict codes of behaviour that governed every aspect of traditional life. Today, the majority of Maori people live away from the marae. Many live and work in cities and must make special efforts to maintain social and cultural links with their Maori heritage. It is especially difficult for younger people who are two or three generations removed from tribal lands and lifestyle. The decline of Maori language especially since the Second World War, is an indicator of the stress affecting the Maori community. Nevertheless, Maori have succeeded in maintaining their distinctive identity, their Maoritanga, and these traditional values and institutions are the springboard for the current resurgence of Maori culture. According to the passage, which of the following statements about modern Maori-people is NOT true
A. They assimilate aspects of western culture into their own.
B. Most of them live an urban life.
C. Younger people have no interest in maintaining their Maori heritage.
D. They are trying to revive Maoritanga.
We are always negotiating, not only in business, but also in our private lives, from deciding what to watch on TV to deciding where to go on holiday. Rarely, in fact, (1) any form of decision reached without some form of negotiation.But (2) we practise the art on a regular basis, it is always useful to review what we already subconsciously know. The following tips provide you (4) strategies for negotiating effectively, no matter (4) situation you find yourself in.Firstly, try to make it a win-win situation. Start with the attitude that all parties should get something out of the deal. Look at the common ground, (5) only at the gaps between you.Secondly, try to find out what is cheap for you but valuable to your negotiating partner and vice versa. Exchanging something you don’t want (6) something you actually do want is, of course, the aim of (7) parties involved.Thirdly, be aware of your BATNA, your Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement. You won’t always get (8) very deal you wanted so you need to bear in mind your best alternative if the negotiation fails. In fact, telling your negotiating partner, "thanks but I can get a better deal elsewhere" often brings about movement in the other side’s position!And finally, be creative. Think of the exercise (9) both sides coming together to solve a common problem. Developing the valuable skills you need to negotiate most effectively takes time and effort, but by taking on just a (10) simple techniques, you can make all the difference. 1()