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We are always negotiating, not only in business, but also in our private lives, from deciding what to watch on TV to deciding where to go on holiday. Rarely, in fact, (1) any form of decision reached without some form of negotiation.But (2) we practise the art on a regular basis, it is always useful to review what we already subconsciously know. The following tips provide you (4) strategies for negotiating effectively, no matter (4) situation you find yourself in.Firstly, try to make it a win-win situation. Start with the attitude that all parties should get something out of the deal. Look at the common ground, (5) only at the gaps between you.Secondly, try to find out what is cheap for you but valuable to your negotiating partner and vice versa. Exchanging something you don’t want (6) something you actually do want is, of course, the aim of (7) parties involved.Thirdly, be aware of your BATNA, your Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement. You won’t always get (8) very deal you wanted so you need to bear in mind your best alternative if the negotiation fails. In fact, telling your negotiating partner, "thanks but I can get a better deal elsewhere" often brings about movement in the other side’s position!And finally, be creative. Think of the exercise (9) both sides coming together to solve a common problem. Developing the valuable skills you need to negotiate most effectively takes time and effort, but by taking on just a (10) simple techniques, you can make all the difference. 1（）
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There are many superstitions in Britain, but one of the most (31) ______held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder — even if it means (32) ______the pavement into a busy street ! ( 33 ) ______you must pass under a ladder you can (34) ______bad luck by crossing your fingers and ( 35 ) ______them crossed until you have seen a dog. (36) ______,you may lick your finger and ( 37 ) ______a cross on the toe of your shoe, and not look again at the shoe until the (38 )______ has dried. Another common (39)______is that it is unlucky to open an umbrella in the house — it will either bring (40) ______ to the person who opened it or to the whole (41 )______. Anyone opening an umbrella in fine weather is (42)______,as it inevitably brings rain! The number 13 is said to be unlucky for some, and when the 13th day of the month (43)_______on a Friday, anyone wishing to avoid a bad event had better stay (44)______. The worst misfortune that can happen to a person is caused by breaking a mirror, (45)______it brings seven years of bad luck! The superstition is supposed to (46)______in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods. Black cats are generally considered lucky in Britain, even though they are ( 47 )______witchcraft. It is (48 )______lucky if a black cat crosses your path — although in America the exact opposite belief prevails. Finally, a commonly held superstition is that of touching wood (49)______luck. This measure is most often taken if you think you have said something that is tempting fate, such as "my car has never (50)______,touch wood"
Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the passage. Who invented the new spinning machine for the textile industry
How we look and how we appear to others probably worries us more when we are in our teens or early twenties than at any other time in our life. Few of us are content to accept ourselves as we are, and few are brave enough to ignore the trends of fashion. Most fashion magazines or TV advertisements try to persuade us that we should dress in a certain way or behave in a certain manner. If we do, they tell us, we will be able to meet new people with confidence and deal with every situation confidently and without embarrassment. Changing fashion, of course, does not apply just to dress. A barber today does not cut a boy’’s hair in the same way as he used to, and girls do not make up in the same way as their mothers and grandmothers did. The advertisers show us the latest fashionable styles and we are constantly under pressure to follow the fashion in case our friends think we are odd or dull. What causes fashions to change Sometimes convenience or practical necessity or just the fancy of an influential person can establish a fashion. Take hats, for example. In cold climates, early building were cold inside, so people wore hats indoors as well as outside. In recent times, the late President Kennedy caused a depression in the American hat industry by not wearing hats; more American men followed his example. There is also a cyclical pattern in fashion. In the 1920s in Europe and America, short skirts became fashionable. After World War II, they dropped to ankle length. Then they got shorter and shorter until the miniskirt was in fashion. After a few more years, skirts became longer again. Today, society is much freer and easier than it used to be. It is no longer necessary to dress like everyone else. Within reason, you can dress as you like or do your hair the way you like instead of the way you should because it is the fashion. The popularity of jeans and the "untidy" look seems to be a reaction against the increasingly expensive fashions of the top fashion houses. At the same time, appearance is still important in certain circumstances and then we must choose our clothes carefully. It would be foolish to go to an interview for a job in a law firm wearing jeans and a sweater; and it would be discourteous to visit some distinguished scholar looking as if we were going to the beach or a night club. However, you need never feel depressed if you don’’t look like the latest fashion photo. Look around you and you’’ll see that no one else does either! Causes of fashions are_______.
TEXT A Maoritanga is Maori culture: the Maori way of life and view of the world. Maoritanga is a growing and changing part of life in Aotearoa (New Zealand). Maori have adopted many aspects of western culture as their own, and more and more New Zealanders now share in the riches of Maori heritage. Most Maori people can trace descent for the chiefs of Hawaiki who sailed to Aotearoa in ocean-going sailing canoes. Aotearoa had been discovered by the great explorer Kupe who passed on sailing directions when he returned to Hawaiki. Archaeological evidence supports Maori oral traditions and genealogical records which suggest Kupe lived about 1200 years ago. The colonists from Hawaiki--probably situated in the area now known as French Polynesia--found other Polynesian people already living in Aotearoa. The voyagers inter-married with them and established a tribal society in which kinship and links with land are key elements. The marae--the meeting house and land around it--is the focus of Maori community life. The land and buildings are the venue for major social, political and ceremonial occasions. The meeting house synthesizes many aspects of Maori design and craft: the structure itself has a human form and is named after an ancestor, and it signifies the unity of the tribal group. The open ground in front of the house is symbolic of the tribal land holding from which tribal identity and mana (prestige) are derived. The whole marae operates according to democratic principles which have evolved from the strict codes of behaviour that governed every aspect of traditional life. Today, the majority of Maori people live away from the marae. Many live and work in cities and must make special efforts to maintain social and cultural links with their Maori heritage. It is especially difficult for younger people who are two or three generations removed from tribal lands and lifestyle. The decline of Maori language especially since the Second World War, is an indicator of the stress affecting the Maori community. Nevertheless, Maori have succeeded in maintaining their distinctive identity, their Maoritanga, and these traditional values and institutions are the springboard for the current resurgence of Maori culture. By "the voyagers" in Paragraph 2, the writer means ______.
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