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Passage 1 In a breath-taking turn of events, Asia’s economies have gone from miracle to meltdown in a matter of weeks. Many forecasters who recently predicted GDP growth of 6% in South Korea and southeast Asia for 1998 are suddenly projecting zero or even negative growth. In tine often short-sighted world of international finance, a new conventional wisdom is quickly forming: that inept policy-making is dragging down Asian economies, and that only the tough austerity medicine of the International Monetary Fund, plus a good stiff recession, will bring the region’s economies back to track. In recent years, foreign and domestic investors in East Asia got a touch of what U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan has famously termed irrational exuberance. Spurred by years of high economic growth in Asia, these investors poured billions of dollars of loans into the region, financing many worthwhile investments but also an unsustainable real estate boom. This over-investment need not have caused a crisis. A healthy reaction would involve a gradual cutback in foreign lending, a gradual weakening of Asia’s overvalued currencies and gradual shift of investments from over-inflated property sectors back to longterm export-oriented projects. Most short-term booms are brought down to earth without extreme crisis, and such an adjustment was the most likely scenario until the summer in 1997. In the event, Asia experienced a financial meltdown. A gradual withdrawal of funds from Thailand suddenly became a stampede. Thailand’s government dallied in responding to the overheating long after it had become apparent, and as a result squandered Thailand’s foreign exchange reserves in a misguided attempt to defend the overvalued bat. The stampede came when foreign creditors realized that Thailand had more short-term foreign debts than the remaining short-term foreign reserves. A "rational" panic began. Each investor started to dump assets simply to get out of Thailand ahead of other investors. The chain reaction of nervous withdrawals led to a meltdown that now includes most of East Asia. Confidence has been so drained that Asia’s positive "fundamentals"--historically high rates of growth, savings and exports--are being overlooked. Economies rely on confidence, and what they most need to fear is, indeed, fear itself. What is the most appropriate title for this passage
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The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, painfree life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness, then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true: more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain. As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment (承担的义务), self improvement. Ask a bachelor (单身汉) why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’’s sleep or a three-day vacation. I don’’t know any parent who would choose the word "fun" to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild. Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all. From the last paragraph, we learn that envy sometimes stems from ______.
The boy _____ there is my younger brother .
Passage 3 It can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product. There are three groups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process. First, there is the market segment-people who need the commodity in question. Second, there is the program target-people in the market segment with the "best fit" characteristics for a specific product. Lots of people may need trousers, but only a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers. Finally, there is the program audience all people who are actually exposed to the marketing program without regard to whether they need or want the product. These three groups are rarely identical. An exception occurs occasionally in cases where customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable. Such customers, all sharing a particular need, are likely to form a meaningful target, for example, all companies with a particular application of the product in question, such as high-speed fillers of bottles at breweries. In such circumstances, direct selling (marketing that reaches only the program target) is likely to be economically justified, and highly specialized trade media exist to expose members of the program target--and only members of the program target--to the marketing program. Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different. Typically, there are many rather than few potential customers. Each represents a relatively small percentage of potential sales. Rarely do members of a particular market segment group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target. There are substantial differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics. Even with all the past decade’s advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer goods is rare, and mass marketing--a marketing approach that aims at a wide audience--remains the only economically feasible mode. Unfortunately, there are few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the program target. Inevitably, people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed. The author suggests which of the following about direct selling
案情：甲、乙国有企业与另外7家国有企业拟联合组建设立永发有限责任公司(以下简称永发公司)，公司章程的部分内容是：公司股东会除召开定期会议外，还可以召开临时会议，临时会议须经代表1/2以上表决权的股东、1/2以上的董事或1/2以上的监事提议召开。在申请公司设立登记时，工商行政管理机关指出了公司章程中规定的关于召开临时股东会议方面的不合法之处。经全体股东协商后，予以纠正。 2005年3月，永发公司依法登记设立，注册资本为1亿元，其中甲以工业产权出资，协议作价金额1200万元；乙出资2400万元，是出资最多的股东。公司成立后，由甲召集和主持首次股东会会议，设立了董事会。2005年5月，永发公司董事会发现，甲作为出资的工业产权的实际价额显著低于公司章程所定的价额，为了使公司股东出资总额仍达到1亿元，董事会提出了解决方案：由甲补足差额；如果甲不能补足差额，则由其他股东按出资比例分担该差额。 2006年5月，公司经过一段时间的运作后，经济效益较好，董事会拟定了一个增加注册资本的方案，方案提出将公司现有的注册资本由1亿元增加到1.5亿元。增资方案提交到股东会讨论表决时，有7家股东赞成增资。7家股东出资总和为5830万元，占表决权总数的 58.3%；有2家股东不赞成增资，2家股东出资总和为4170万元，占表决权总数的41.7%。股东会通过增资决议，并授权董事会执行。 2006年3月，永发公司因业务发展需要，依法成立了上海分公司。上海分公司在生产经营过程中，因违约被诉至法院，对方以永发公司是上海分公司的总公司为由，要求永发公司承担违约责任。 根据上述事实，请按照《公司法》的规定，分析回答下列问题： 永发公司是否应承担上海分公司的违约责任说明理由。
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