男性,28岁,每日吸烟2包十余年,3个月前发现舌右侧缘中份发白,并有不适,进食时尤为明显,体检见一处白色斑块,形状不规则,大小约2cm×1cm,颜色均一,呈小颗粒状突起于黏膜表面,触之仍较柔软,口腔内其余黏膜未见明显异常 如取舌右侧缘组织活检,出现以下何种病理表现应该引起重视
A. 上皮异常增生
B. 上皮过度正角化
C. 基底细胞液化变性
D. 固有层淋巴细胞带状浸润
E. PAS染色见菌丝和孢子
In this section you will find after each of the passages a number of questions or unfinished statements about the passage, each with 4 (A, B, C and D) choices to complete the statement. You must choose the one which you think fits best. Then blacken the corresponding letter as required on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. The time for this section is 70 minutes. Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to norms. In every society, some punishments or negative sanctions are established for deviant behavior. Without deviant behavior there would not be need for social control and without social control there would not be a way of recognizing the boundary between the acceptable and the unacceptable. Social control may be either formal or informal. Informal mechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others and withholding of positive rewards for disapproved behavior. Most people internalize norms in the course of socialization. This is any group’s most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual’s own conscience operates as an agent of social control. When informal sanctions fail, formal agents of social control may be called upon. In contemporary society, such formal agents and agencies include psychiatry and other mental health professions; mental hospitals; police and courts of law; prisons; and social welfare agencies. All these formal agents function to limit, correct, and control violation of norms. Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents and systems tend, in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups and to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules and who, therefore, define unacceptable behavior. Social control, whether formal or informal, has a dual function. First, it punishes the wrongdoer and reaffirms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, and less recognized, it regulates the manner in which deviants are treated. The most powerful protection against deviance is______.
A. negative sanctions
B. severe punishments
C. the individual’s conscience
D. unrestrained suppression