(三) 某公司检验科为使相关的管理部门及时掌握产品实现过程中的质量状况、评价和分析质量控制的有效性,把检验获取的数据和信息,经汇总、整理、分析后写成报告,为管理层进行质量决策提供重要信息和依据。质量报告的主要内容: 过程检验、成品检验的______,以及相应废品损失金额。
A. 合格率
B. 返修率
C. 报废率
D. 拒收率
阅读下面短文,回答下列五道题。 1998年诺贝尔经济学奖得主阿马蒂亚森在《伦理学与经济学》一书中,对经济学与伦理学的关系问题进行了可贵的探索。他认为,从亚里士多德开始,经济学本来就具有两种根源,即两种人类行为的目的:一种是对财富的关注,一种是更深层次上的目标追求。由此产生两种方法,一种是“工程学”的方法,也就是数学、逻辑的方法;一种是伦理的方法。这两种根源或方法,本来应是平衡的。但不同的学者重视的方面有所不同。从亚里士多德到亚当•斯密,比较注重伦理问题,而威廉•配第、大卫•李嘉图等更注重工程学方面。现代经济学则大大发展了工程学方面,却忽略了伦理方面。 科学研究总是把人们当作完全理性的对象,这样逻辑的方法才能有效。但具体的人,都是活生生的,有情感的,有许多非理性的东西。单纯的理性的逻辑方法,难以避免现实上的失误。人们的感情、人们的意志、人们的理想和道德,在经济行为中,也会起到巨大的作用。单纯的工程学或逻辑方法,是不够用的。亚当•斯密指出,人们的活动是受自利引导,市场则以互利为原则,这一点被现代经济学家所继承和发展了,但人们却忽略了他的另一些观点,即人们的同情心、伦理考虑在人类行为中的作用。一般来讲,个人有或至少应当有追求自利的自由,但并不意味着这种追求就一定有伦理正当。当这种追求损害他人和社会利益时,就违背了伦理正当,从而成为应受谴责的不道德行为。离开伦理学的经济学只能使经济学贫困,正如离开经济学的伦理学,只能使伦理学空洞一样。 经济学和伦理学的结合,其中也包括借助经济学所使用的各种方法和应用程序,使伦理学问题得到进一步的说明和解释。关于道德权利的分析便可证明这一点。人们常常从义务论的角度来看待权利,即表现为他人必须遵守约束。这类义务论结构可能不大适用于对道德中普遍存在的相互依赖性等复杂问题的解释。例如,甲侵犯了乙的权利,那么丙有义务去制止吗丙有权利,但不一定出于义务。如果借助经济学的一些原理去解释丙的行为,可能更有利。用福利主义的根据事物状态的好坏宋判断行为的原则,又用结果主义的根据效用结果来判断事物状态好坏的原则,那么丙去制止甲,因其结果是好的,他便有道德权利去行事。评价一个道德行为,不应只看内在价值(自我完善),还要看结果(与人为善)。显然,用结果主义的逻辑推理来分析道德权利,不见得完全充分,但却十分必要。 由此可见,经济学应具有伦理的方法,伦理学也可引进经济学的方法。伦理学与经济学之所以有相通之处,可以相互联系相互引进,是由人们的经济行为和道德行为本身相互关联决定的。例如在工业生产中.人们的创造能力不仅取决于知识和技术水平,也取决于是否肯于奉献的道德水平。任何人的行为都带有社会性,不管你是否自觉到这一点。而这种社会性既包含经济因素,也包含伦理因素。 下列表述,与第一段中阿马蒂亚森的看法不相吻合的一项是( )。
A. 人类研究经济学,既是由于对财富的关注,也源于更深层次的目标追求。
B. 理性的逻辑方法和伦理的方法,都是研究经济学的有效方法。
C. 现代经济学研究有了长足的进步,但研究者却不能像那些经典的研究专家那样,始终注意两种根源和方法的平衡。
D. 历史上某些著名经济学家的经典论述,尚未能引起现代经济学家的广泛关注。
阅读下面短文,回答下列五遭题。 2001年3月15日,北京大学教授于希贤来到抚仙湖,并组织考察组乘坐潜水器潜入湖底。他们利用声纳技术在水深15米处发现第一个目标。有一堵石墙,石料大小不一,每个石块上至少有一面到两面是平整的,带有人工加工过的痕迹。从声纳图上可以看到,该建筑区还具有中轴线和类似普通城市里的“一般居民居住区”,从建筑特点看,它们带有明显的当地黎族的古代建筑风格。没有多久,声纳图上又发现新的目标。潜水器掉头搜寻,发现了一大片呈正南北向建造的建筑群落。群落不大,但石料加工更精细。石料三面都有加工的痕迹,十分平整精细,另外所有散落的石块都是有序地排列的。这一区域还有数米宽的南北向石板大道。从这些可以看出,那个时代有相当高的文化水准。于教授推测,这里可能是古城的“富人区”。绕过石质城墙后,便是所谓的“贫民区”。 于教授说,通过对湖周围地区地理地质环境的考察和比较,可以肯定这座古城是在一次巨大的自然灾害中陷落湖底的。该建筑群依山傍水,位于小江断裂带西支的深断裂带上。公元110年东汉时期这里曾经发生过一次大地震。于教授还说,尽管古城的年代还需要进一步确定,但是有一点可以肯定——抚仙湖底确实有一座陷落的古滇时期建筑群落,且已经初具城市功能,因为具有不同级别的建筑群是判断是否构成城市的重要指标。该遗址面积有2.4平方公里,比世界著名的“庞贝古城”还要大。由于水下考察时没有发现任何动植物残骸及陶瓷、砖瓦的残片,这给探测年代带来了相当的困难,但从水下建筑群石料的打制方式来看,湖中古城与滇中发现的长城颇为相似,应与其处于同一时代,即距今约两千年前。 对原文最后一段有关内容的理解,不正确的一项是( )。
A. 湖中古城应与滇中古长城处于同一时代,因为石料的打制方式基本相同。
B. 抚仙湖古城比世界著名的“庞贝古城”还要大,并且具有很高的研究价值。
C. 通过对周围地区地理地质环境的考察和比较,抚仙湖古城可能是在一次巨大的自然灾害中陷落的。
D. 抚仙湖古城是一座陷落的古滇时期建筑群落。
Passage Two Analysts have had their go at humor, and I have read some of this interpretative literature, but without being greatly instructed. Humor can be dissected, as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards (内在部分) are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind. In a newsreel theatre the other day I saw a picture of a man who had developed the soap bubble to a higher point than it had ever before reached. He had become the ace soap bubble blower of America, had perfected the business of blowing bubbles, refined it, doubled it, squared it, and had even worked himself up into a convenient lather. The effect was not pretty. Some of the bubbles were too big to be beautiful, and the blower was always jumping into them or out of them, or playing some sort of unattractive trick with them. It was, if anything, a rather repulsive sight. Humor is a little like that: it won’t stand much blowing up, and it won’t stand much poking. It has a certain fragility, an evasiveness, which one had best respect. Essentially, it is a complete mystery. A human frame convulsed with laughter, and the laughter becoming mysterious and uncontrollable, is as far out of balance as one shaken with the hiccoughs or in the throes of a sneezing fit. One of the things commonly said about humorist is that they are really very sad people- clowns with a breaking heart. There is some truth in it, but it is badly stated. It would be more accurate, I think, to say that there is a deep vein of melancholy running through everyone’s life and that the humorist, perhaps more sensible of it than some others, compensates for it actively and positively. Humorists fatten on trouble. They have always made trouble pay. They struggle along with a good will and endure pain cheerfully, knowing how well it till serve them in the sweet by and by. You find them wrestling with foreign languages, fighting folding ironing boards and swollen drainpipes, suffering the terrible discomfort of tight boot (or as Josh illings wittily called them, "tire boots"). They pour out their sorrows profitably, in a form hat is not quite a fiction nor quite a fact either. Beneath the sparking surface of these dilemmas lows the strong tide of human woe. Practically everyone is a manic depressive of sorts, with his up moments and his down moments, and you certainly don’t have to be a humorist to taste the sadness of situation and mood. But there is often a rather fine line between laughing and crying, and if a humorous piece of writing brings a person to the point where his emotional responses are untrustworthy and seem likely to break over into the opposite realm, it is because humor, like poetry, has an extra content. It plays close to the bit hot fire which is Truth, and sometimes the reader feels. the heat. According to the author, humorists differ from ordinary people in the sense that ______.
A. they give vent to their sorrows in a laughable way
B. they have much trouble in their life and they are melancholy
C. they are more sensible of the sadness of life and they endure and express the pain cheerfully
D. they are mostly clowns with a breaking heart