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Passage Two Analysts have had their go at humor, and I have read some of this interpretative literature, but without being greatly instructed. Humor can be dissected, as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards (内在部分) are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind. In a newsreel theatre the other day I saw a picture of a man who had developed the soap bubble to a higher point than it had ever before reached. He had become the ace soap bubble blower of America, had perfected the business of blowing bubbles, refined it, doubled it, squared it, and had even worked himself up into a convenient lather. The effect was not pretty. Some of the bubbles were too big to be beautiful, and the blower was always jumping into them or out of them, or playing some sort of unattractive trick with them. It was, if anything, a rather repulsive sight. Humor is a little like that: it won’t stand much blowing up, and it won’t stand much poking. It has a certain fragility, an evasiveness, which one had best respect. Essentially, it is a complete mystery. A human frame convulsed with laughter, and the laughter becoming mysterious and uncontrollable, is as far out of balance as one shaken with the hiccoughs or in the throes of a sneezing fit. One of the things commonly said about humorist is that they are really very sad people- clowns with a breaking heart. There is some truth in it, but it is badly stated. It would be more accurate, I think, to say that there is a deep vein of melancholy running through everyone’s life and that the humorist, perhaps more sensible of it than some others, compensates for it actively and positively. Humorists fatten on trouble. They have always made trouble pay. They struggle along with a good will and endure pain cheerfully, knowing how well it till serve them in the sweet by and by. You find them wrestling with foreign languages, fighting folding ironing boards and swollen drainpipes, suffering the terrible discomfort of tight boot (or as Josh illings wittily called them, "tire boots"). They pour out their sorrows profitably, in a form hat is not quite a fiction nor quite a fact either. Beneath the sparking surface of these dilemmas lows the strong tide of human woe. Practically everyone is a manic depressive of sorts, with his up moments and his down moments, and you certainly don’t have to be a humorist to taste the sadness of situation and mood. But there is often a rather fine line between laughing and crying, and if a humorous piece of writing brings a person to the point where his emotional responses are untrustworthy and seem likely to break over into the opposite realm, it is because humor, like poetry, has an extra content. It plays close to the bit hot fire which is Truth, and sometimes the reader feels. the heat. According to the author, humorists differ from ordinary people in the sense that ______.
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阅读下面短文，回答下列五道题。 1998年诺贝尔经济学奖得主阿马蒂亚森在《伦理学与经济学》一书中，对经济学与伦理学的关系问题进行了可贵的探索。他认为，从亚里士多德开始，经济学本来就具有两种根源，即两种人类行为的目的：一种是对财富的关注，一种是更深层次上的目标追求。由此产生两种方法，一种是“工程学”的方法，也就是数学、逻辑的方法；一种是伦理的方法。这两种根源或方法，本来应是平衡的。但不同的学者重视的方面有所不同。从亚里士多德到亚当•斯密，比较注重伦理问题，而威廉•配第、大卫•李嘉图等更注重工程学方面。现代经济学则大大发展了工程学方面，却忽略了伦理方面。 科学研究总是把人们当作完全理性的对象，这样逻辑的方法才能有效。但具体的人，都是活生生的，有情感的，有许多非理性的东西。单纯的理性的逻辑方法，难以避免现实上的失误。人们的感情、人们的意志、人们的理想和道德，在经济行为中，也会起到巨大的作用。单纯的工程学或逻辑方法，是不够用的。亚当•斯密指出，人们的活动是受自利引导，市场则以互利为原则，这一点被现代经济学家所继承和发展了，但人们却忽略了他的另一些观点，即人们的同情心、伦理考虑在人类行为中的作用。一般来讲，个人有或至少应当有追求自利的自由，但并不意味着这种追求就一定有伦理正当。当这种追求损害他人和社会利益时，就违背了伦理正当，从而成为应受谴责的不道德行为。离开伦理学的经济学只能使经济学贫困，正如离开经济学的伦理学，只能使伦理学空洞一样。 经济学和伦理学的结合，其中也包括借助经济学所使用的各种方法和应用程序，使伦理学问题得到进一步的说明和解释。关于道德权利的分析便可证明这一点。人们常常从义务论的角度来看待权利，即表现为他人必须遵守约束。这类义务论结构可能不大适用于对道德中普遍存在的相互依赖性等复杂问题的解释。例如，甲侵犯了乙的权利，那么丙有义务去制止吗丙有权利，但不一定出于义务。如果借助经济学的一些原理去解释丙的行为，可能更有利。用福利主义的根据事物状态的好坏宋判断行为的原则，又用结果主义的根据效用结果来判断事物状态好坏的原则，那么丙去制止甲，因其结果是好的，他便有道德权利去行事。评价一个道德行为，不应只看内在价值(自我完善)，还要看结果(与人为善)。显然，用结果主义的逻辑推理来分析道德权利，不见得完全充分，但却十分必要。 由此可见，经济学应具有伦理的方法，伦理学也可引进经济学的方法。伦理学与经济学之所以有相通之处，可以相互联系相互引进，是由人们的经济行为和道德行为本身相互关联决定的。例如在工业生产中．人们的创造能力不仅取决于知识和技术水平，也取决于是否肯于奉献的道德水平。任何人的行为都带有社会性，不管你是否自觉到这一点。而这种社会性既包含经济因素，也包含伦理因素。 依据原文的论证分析，以下判断不恰当的一项是( )。
阅读下面短文，回答下列五道题。 当代环境伦理学是一个富有开放性和包容性的新学科，形成了多种理论模式和学说。这些模式、学说既包括现代人类中心主义即浅环境论，也包括非人类中心主义即深环境论，还包括可持续发展环境伦理观。 可持续发展环境伦理观在主张人与自然和谐统一的整体价值观方面与深环境论中的环境整体主义是一致的，不同之处在于可持续发展环境伦理观在强调入与自然和谐统一的基础上，更承认人类对自然的保护作用和道德代理人的责任，以及一定社会中人类行为的环境道德规范。可持续发展环境伦理观对现代人类中心主义和非人类中心主义采取了一种整合的态度。它汲取了生命中心论、生态中心论等非人类中心主义关于“生物，生态具有内在价值”的思想，承认自然不仅具有工具价值，也具有内在价值，但又不把内在价值仅归于自然自身，而是提高为人与自然和谐统一的整体性质。这样，由于人类和自然是一个和谐统一的整体，那么，不仅是人类，还有自然，都应该得到道德关怀。另一方面，可持续发展环境伦理观在人与自然和谐统一整体价值观的基础上，承认现代人类中心主义关于人类所特有的“能动作用”，承认人类在这个统一整体中占有的“道德代理人”和环境管理者的地位。这样，就避免了非人类中心主义在实践中所带来的困难，使之更具有适用性。 承认自然的固有价值和人类的实践能动作用的基础上所形成的人与自然的整体价值观是可持续发展环境伦理观的理论基础。现代生态学和系统科学研究表明，自然界(包括人类社会在内)是一个有机整体，生命系统表现为网络格局，自然界的组成部分，从物种层次、生态系统层次到生物圈层次都是相互联系、相互作用和相互依赖的。任何生物都有内在的目的性，都以其各自的方式在整体生态关系中实现其自身的善。因此，任何生物和自然都拥有其自身的固有价值(固有价值是一种实体为获得自身的善而独立于人类评价者目的的价值)。生物和自然所拥有的固有价值应当使它们享有道德地位并获得道德关怀，成为道德顾客。可持续发展伦理观把道德共同体从人扩大到“人——自然”系统，把道德对象的范围从人类扩大到生物和自然。与此同时，由于只有人类才具有实践的能动性，才具有自觉的道德意识，才能进行道德选择和做出道德决定，所以只有人是道德主体。作为道德代理人的人类，应当珍惜和爱护生物和自然，承认它们在一种自然状态中持续存在的价值。因此，人类具有自觉维护生物和自然的责任。 以下对“深环境论”的解说，正确的一项是( )。
Passage Three The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. On the other hand, its definition is difficult for many people. The meaning of the term is confused, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge (facts). Even in the true sciences distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. There is no danger as long as a clear difference is made between temporary and proved explanations. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions the scientist continues to experiment and observe until they are proved or discredited. The exact statue of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion. The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy. Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes—for instance, improving health, raising standards of living, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science. Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic rewards. Chemists responsible for many of the discoveries could hardly have anticipated that their findings would one day result in application of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discoveries of one bit of information opens the door to the discovery of another. Some discoveries seem so simple that one is amazed they were not made years ago; however, one should remember that the ’construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. The host of scientists dedicating their lives to pure science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied. Pure science, leading to the construction of a microscope, ______.
第三篇 Recycling Around the World Recycling is one of the best environmental success stories of the late 20th century. But we could do more. People must not see recycling as fashionable, but essential. The Japanese are very good at recycling because they live in a crowded country. They do not have much space. They do not want to share their limited space with rubbish. But even so, Tokyo area alone is estimated to have three million tons of leftover rubbish at present. In 1996, the United States recycled and composted (制成肥料) 57 million tons of waste (27% of the nation’s solid waste). This is 57 million tons of waste which did not go into landfills and incinerators (焚化炉). In doing this, 7,000 rubbish collection programmes and recycling centres helped the authorities. In Rockford, a city in Illinois, US, its officials choose one house each week and check its garbage (废物). If the garbage does not contain any newspapers or aluminium (铝) cans, then the resident of the house gets a prize of at least $1,000. In Japan, certain cities give children weekly supplies of tissue paper and toilet paper in exchange for a weekly collection of newspapers. In one year Britain recycles: · 1 out of every 3 newspapers. · 1 out of every 4 glass bottles and jars (罐子). · 1 out of every 4 items of clothing. · 1 out of every 3 aluminium drink cans. In 1999, Hong Kong transported 1.3 million tons of waste to mainland China for recycling. Around 535,000 tons of waste were recycled in Hong Kong itself. Over half the things we throw away could be recycled. That means we could recycle 10 times as much as we do now. However, recycling needs a lot of organisation and special equipment. Also, there is not much use for some recycled material. Which of the following is NOT true of the Japanese
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