Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutecofeminisimarecorrect?
A. Historically,liberalfeministshavearguedthatwomendonotdifferfrommenasrationalagentsandthatexclusionfromeducationalandeconomicopportunitieshavepreventedthemfromrealizingtheirownpotentialforcreativityinallspheresofhumanlife.
B. Radicalecofeminismanalyzesenvironmentalproblemsfromwithinitscritiqueofpatriarchyandoffersalternativesthatcouldliberatebothwomenandnature.
C. Radicalfeminismdevelopedinthelate1960sand1970swiththesecondwaveoffeminism.TheradicalformofecofeminismisaresponsetotheperceptionthatwomenandnaturehavebeenmutuallyassociatedanddevaluedinWesterncultureandthatbothcanbeelevatedandliberatedthroughdirectpoliticalaction.
D. CarolynMerchant'sclassicessayshowshowmainstreamfeministtheorymightprofitfromadoptingtheecofeministmodel.BehindthismodelareassumptionsthatarenottoodissimilartoBookchin'spreviousessay,exceptthatthefocusisonthedominationofwomeninthecontextofdomination,ingeneral.
Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutecofeminisimarecorrect?
A. KarenJ.Warrenseekstoportrayecofeminismasanessentialelementinanyenvironmentalethicaltheory.
B. Sheidentifieseightpointsoffeminismthatcenteronthepluralismandcontextualismthataremissinginthecurrentsocialclimate.
C. AkeyfeaturethatshouldbenotedisthatWarrendoesnotbelievethatanyobjectivesocial–ethicaltheorycaneverbeproposed.
D. Thequestionthenbecomes:whichbiasedtheoryisbetter?Afterproposingthefeministposition,sheemendseachoftheeightpointswitheco-feminismobjectivestoshowhowsimilarthesetwoworldviewsare,andthattheyshouldthereforebeacceptedasapackage.
Deep ecologistsArne Naess (1912–2009)calls for seven principles:
A. (1) rejection of man-in-environment image in favor of the relational, total-field image; (2) biosphere egalitarianism, in principle;
B. (3) principles of diversity and symbiosis; (4) anti-class posture;
C. (5) fight against pollution and resource depletion; (6) complexity, not complication;
D. (7) local autonomy and decentralization.
Whichofthefollowingstatementaaboutaestheticsarecorrect?
Aestheticsisabranchofphilosophyconcernedwiththestudyoftheideaofbeauty.InthefirstessayJannaThompsonbeginsheressaywiththeassertionthatnatureisbeautiful.Thisisasimplebutpowerfulstatement.
B. G.E.Mooreviewedbeauty(whetheritwasfoundinartorinnature)tobeanintrinsicgood.Theethicalimperative,accordingtoMoore,istoincreasethetotalamountofgoodintheworld.
C. Ifallpeoplehaveadutytobeethical,then(bythesamereasoning),allpeoplehaveadutytopromoteandprotectbeauty(whetheritbeartornature).Bydiminishingnature,apersondiminishesthetotalamountofgoodintheworldandthusviolatesMoore'sdictum.
D. Thompson'sargumentalsodependsonwhetherbeauty(inartorinnature)isintrinsicallyorinstrumentallygood.Muchofthisessayaddressesthisissue and seekstocreateastandardthatmakestheaestheticstandardplausible.
The well-accepted 7principlesinenvironmentallaws world-wide are:
A. 1.Sustainabledevelopment:developmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.2.Equity:considersthepresentgenerationunderanobligationtoaccountforlong-termimpactsofactivities,andtoacttosustaintheglobalenvironmentandresourcebaseforfuturegenerations.
B. 3.Transboundaryresponsibility:anobligationtoprotectone'sownenvironment,andtopreventdamagetoneighboringenvironments.4.Publicparticipationandtransparency:requiringpublicationandaccesstorelevantenvironmentaldata,andadministrativeprocedure.
C. 5.Precautionaryprinciple:Wheretherearethreatsofseriousorirreversibledamage,lackoffullscientificcertaintyshallnotbeusedasareasonforpostponingcost-effectivemeasurestopreventenvironmentaldegradation.6.Prevention:priorassessmentofenvironmentalharm,licensingorauthorizationthatsetouttheconditionsforoperationandtheconsequencesforviolationoftheconditions,aswellastheadoptionofstrategiesandpolicies.
D. 7.Polluterpaysprinciple:theenvironmentalcostsofeconomicactivities,includingthecostofpreventingpotentialharm,shouldbeinternalizedratherthanimposeduponsocietyatlarge.
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