Question 3Which of the following is not an example of the gambler's fallacy?下面哪一条不是赌徒谬论的例证？
A. While watching a baseball game, you lean over to your neighbor and say, "Watch this… Jones is going to knock it out of the park! He hasn't had a hit all season, so he's due for one now." 看棒球比赛时，你跟你的邻座说，“瞧这回，琼斯这次一定表现不俗！他整季都没有打一个好球了，所以这次该是时候了。”
B. While watching a basketball game, Smith seems to be on a hot streak tonight, and has made 14 shots in a row, and so you make a bet that he'll make his 15th shot in a row.看篮球赛时， 史密斯当晚好像开了挂，连续进了14个球，所以你打赌他下一个球也一定会进。
C. You witness a woman assault a man at a casino because he "stole" a slot machine while she ran to the toilet, which she had been playing for the last ten hours expecting a pay out that was long overdue.你在游乐场看到一个女人冲一位男士发难，因为她去厕所时他偷占了她玩的老虎机， 她已经连续在那台老虎机上玩了十来个小时，早是时候出收益了。
D. Someone at your office is expecting a baby, and your coworkers set up an office pool to guess the baby's gender. When everyone finds out that the couple already has three girls, the number of bets that the baby will be a boy increases significantly.你们办公室里有人要生孩子了， 同事们打赌猜宝宝是男是女。大家发现那对夫妇已经有了三个女儿后，很多人都赌这个宝宝是男孩。
E. If you're playing roulette and the last four spins of the wheel have led to the ball's landing on black, so you bet on the next ball landing on red. 你在玩幸运转轮，一连四次转盘都让转珠停到了黑色，所以你打赌这次转珠会停到红色。
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Question 2Which of the following is not an explanation for why we believe strange things in the absence of data or evidence to the contrary?下面哪一项不能解释为什么在没有数据甚至有相反证据的情况下，我们仍会相信奇怪的事？
A. We see order where there isn't any. 即使没有顺序(规则)，我们也会看到顺序。
B. The confirmation bias. 确认偏差
C. People look for patterns and they're often going to see things that really aren't there. 人天生倾向于发现模式，所以即使没有固定模式，他们也常认为看到了模式。
D. People with low IQ just want to believe stupid things. 智商低的人会相信不科学的事。
E. It’s a side effect of the impressive cognitive system. 这是神奇的认知系统的副作用。
Question 10问题10Naïve realism is:朴素实在论是:
A. the notion that with the exception of a few tricks or illusions, the world is essentially as it appears.这样一个概念：除了少数错觉或幻觉作为例外，这个世界基本上就是它所呈现的那样。
B. the interaction between the kind of stardust that we’re made of and the kind of stardust that’s out there.一种制造了我们的星尘和外界的星尘之间的相互作用。
C. something you bring to the processing of the information you receive.你带给你所收到的信息进行加工处理的东西。
D. the distortion that happens when one face follows another in rapid sequence.在一张脸紧跟着另一张脸出现的快速变化序列中发生的扭曲。
E. shaped by our specific expectations and by our general expectations.被我们特定的和普遍的期待所塑造的。
Question 9问题9Visual, auditory and memory illusions all remind us that our perception of the world is not as straightforward as we might believe. However, perceptual illusions are not the same as hallucinations. According to John Vokey, how are hallucinations different from perceptual illusions?视觉、听觉、记忆错觉都提醒我们一件事——我们对世界的知觉并不如我们相信的那样简单。然而，感性（感觉）错觉和幻觉并不相同。根据John Vokey的叙述，幻觉跟感觉错觉不同在什么地方呢？
A. Hallucinations can be experienced by many people, whereas illusions are only experienced by the individual.很多人都可能出现幻觉，而只有个体才能经历感性（感觉）错觉。
B. Hallucinations occur even though there is no input source that could lead to the conclusion that there is something there.幻觉是即使实际不存在某种事物（输入源），依旧觉得那儿存在某种事物。
C. They are only different in how they are named: “hallucination” is the term used in medicine and “illusion” is used in psychology.它们只是名字不同——幻觉是医学上的术语，而错觉则用于心理学。
D. Hallucinations are “threshold phenomena” that either is or isn’t, whereas perceptual illusions are more dynamic.幻觉是一种“阈值现象（门槛现象）”，不过不管是不是，感性（感觉）错觉是更动态的。
E. Perceptual illusions usually occur when there has been a brain injury or disease.感性（感觉）错觉通常在人的脑部出现损伤或病变时发生。
Question 8问题 8What are the two components to the “Fundamental Cognitive Error:”“基本认识偏误”的两个组成部分是：
A. We think there’s a one-to-one relationship between the way we perceive and the way they really are, and that the world is as it appears to be.我们认为我们的认知方法和世界实际存在方式一对一关系，而且这个世界就是它所呈现出来的那样。
B. People are essentially pattern-recognition machines, and we tend to sharpen and level things that are (in)consistent with our expectations.人本质上就是一台图形识别机器，而且我们会强化我们期待看到的内容，并且把与期待无关的所有内容放到一个同等不重要的程度上（就像变成了背景）。
C. Our memories are plastic and malleable, and what we remember is shaped by the sum of our experiences.我们的记忆是可塑的、易受影响的，而且是被我们的经历所塑造的。
D. Our basic pattern-recognition abilities are shaped by general and specific expectations.我们的基本图形识别能力是由普遍和特定的期待塑造的。
E. People tend to underestimate the contribution of their beliefs and theories to observation and judgement, and fail to realise how many other ways that they could have been interpreted.人们往往低估了他们的信仰和观点在观察和判断中起到的作用，而且无法意识到他们（的信仰和观点）本就可以用多种方式来解读。
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