Which is not a required action for upright stance?
A. (A) maintain support against gravity
B. (B) maintain balance
C. (C) maintain orientation
D. (D) none of above
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Which sensory input is integrated in the cerebral cortex?
A. (A) visual input
B. (B) vestibular input
C. (C) somatosensory input
D. (D) all of above
Which brain area is responsible for adjusting the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
A. (A) lateral vestibular nucleus
B. (B) cerebellum
C. (C) medial vestibular nucleus
D. (D) cerebral cortex
Which type of reflexes depends on the medial vestibular nucleus receiving both visual and vestibular signals?
A. (A) postural reflex
B. (B) knee-jerk reflex
C. (C) eye-blink reflex
D. (D) optokinetic reflex
Which is responsible for transducing mechanical stimuli into receptor potentials?
A. (A) cochlea
B. (B) semicircular canals
C. (C) hair cells
D. (D) otolithic membrane
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