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conclusive instead at length as a result survey in which persuasive target common enables an initial efficiently likely to regard particular Advertising agencies employ research for both strategic and evaluative purposes. Strategic research (1) the agency to better understand how consumers use a product or service and how they (2) the product or service. Strategic research also determines the types of people most (3) buy the product. That group of people is called the (4) market. Advertisers have limited budgets so knowing who is most likely to buy a (5) product helps them spend their advertising budget more (6) . Evaluative research is used after the advertising has run and seeks to determine how well consumers remember the advertising message and how (7) it was. Evaluative research is expensive, and (8) , many advertisers do not employ it. (9) , they try to measure the advertising’s effectiveness by analyzing sales results. Agencies use both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Agencies employ qualitative research to gain (10) understanding of the marketing situation. This research method uses open-ended questions that allow consumers to explain their values, beliefs, and behaviors (11) . Agencies use quantitative research to determine a final course of action. This type of research uses close-ended questions (12) answers are selected from a set list. This enables the researcher to determine the exact percentage of people who answered yes or no to a question or the exact percentage choosing answer a, b, or c. One of the most (13) quantitative research techniques is the (14) in which researchers use a questionnaire to gain information from a large group of people, called a sample. The findings provided by quantitative research are therefore (15) in a way that qualitative research cannot be.

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In 1975 the Congress of the United States passed the Education of All Handicapped Children Act, a (1) document in special education that has since (2) numerous amendments. A 1990 amendment renamed the law the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). IDEA requires public schools (3) a free and appropriate education to all disabled children. The law also requires that all children with disabilities between the ages of 3 and 21 receive support services, such as (4) or physical therapy, (5) the type or seriousness of their disability. (6) the provisions of IDEA, schools must (7) all children with disabilities. To do this school officials provide each child with a comprehensive (8) conducted by teachers, the parents, and appropriate specialists, such as children with speech difficulties. IDEA also requires schools to give parents the opportunity to assist in the development and (9) of their child’s education plan. The plan specifies goals for the student’s education, methods to achieve those goals, and services to be provided. Each student’s education plan is reviewed (10) . To the maximum extent appropriate, a child with a disability must be educated with children who do not have disabilities. In addition, IDEA requires that older children with disabilities receive transition services to assist in the change from school to adult activities, (11) employment, continuing education, and finding a place to live. IDEA provides federal financial support for schools to develop special education programs. Other federal laws prohibit discrimination (12) disability. Section 504 of the Act of 1973 (13) discrimination against individuals with disabilities in public schools and any other federally supported programs. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ensures (14) for individuals with disabilities in all (15) life, including education, the workplace, transportation, and telecommunications.

A. stood at
B. prior to
C. based on
D. taken on

数据的基本单位是 【2】 。

Ironically, in the United States, a country of immigrants, prejudice and discrimination continue to be serious problems. There was often (1) between each established group of (2) and each succeeding group. As each group became (3) financially successful, and more powerful, they (4) newcomers from full participation in the society. Prejudice and discrimination are (5) U.S. history, (6) , this prejudicial treatment of different groups is (7) more unjust than with black Americans. Blacks had distinct (8) . For the most part, they came to the "land of opportunity" as slaves and were not free to keep their (9) and cultural traditions. (10) most European immigrants, blacks did not have the protection of a support group; sometimes slave owners separated members of (11) family. They could not mix easily with the (12) society either because of their skin color. It was difficult for them to (13) the American culture. Even after they became flee people, they were still discriminated (14) in employment, housing, education, and even in public (15) , such as restrooms.

A. former
B. original
C. existing
D. established

Leo Tolstoy was a Russian writer and moral philosopher, and one of the world’s greatest novelists. He was born on April 30,1828 and died on Feb. 14, 1910. His writings (1) influenced much of 20th-century literature, and his moral (2) helped shape the thinking of several important (3) and political leaders. Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy was born (4) a family of noble landowners at his family (5) south of Moscow. His early education came from tutors at home, but after the deaths of his parents in the 1830s, he was (6) by relatives. He entered Kazan’ University when he was 16 but preferred to educate himself independently, and in 1847 he (7) his studies without finishing his degree. His next 15 years were very (8) . Tolstoy returned to manage the family estate, with the determination to improve himself (9) and physically. Alter less than two years, however, he abandoned rural life (10) the pleasures of Moscow. In 1851 Tolstoy traveled to the Caucasus, a region then part of southern Russia, (11) his brother was serving in the army. He was (12) as a volunteer, serving with distinction in the Crimean War from 1853 to 1856. Tolstoy began his literary career during his army service, and his first work, the semiautobiographical short novel Childhood (13) was published in 1852, brought him fame. A series of other stories (14) , and when he left the army in 1856 he was acknowledged as a rising new talent in literature. Tolstoy achieved great literary fame during his lifetime, both in Russia and abroad. Thirty-one translations of his works (15) in the year 1887 alone. The most significant part of Tolstoy’s legacy may be his defense of the individual personality.

A. publicized
B. translated
C. appeared
D. sold

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