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某临床患者，临床症状为牙龈肿胀出血、皮下瘀斑、关节疼痛，主诉全身乏力、食欲减退。 18岁以后成年人，该营养素的RNI值为______
中国营养协会推荐成人钙的AI为______
Most American politicians say they support marriage, but few do much about it, except perhaps to sound off about the illusory threat to it from gays. The public are divided. Few want to go back to the attitudes or divorce laws of the 1950s. But many at both ends of the political spectrum lament the fragility of American families and would change, at least, the way the tax code penalises many couples who marry. And some politicians want the state to draw attention to benefits of marriage, as it does to the perils of smoking. George Bush is one.Since last year, his administration has been handing out grants to promote healthy marriages. This is a less preachy enterprise than you might expect. Sidonie Squier, the bureaucrat in charge, does not argue that divorce is wrong: "If you"re being abused, you should get out." Nor does she think the government should take a view on whether people should have pre-marital sex.Her budget for boosting marriage is tiny: $100m a year, or about what the Defence Department spends every two hours. Some of it funds research into what makes a relationship work well and whether outsiders can help. Most of the rest goes to groups that try to help couples get along better, some of which are religiously-inspired. The first 124 grants were disbursed only last September, so it is too early to say whether any of this will work. But certain approaches look hopeful.One is "marriage education". The army already does this. About 35,000 soldiers this year will get a 12-hour course on how to communicate better with their partners, and how to resolve disputes without throwing plates. It costs about $300 per family. Given that it costs $50,000 to recruit and train a rifleman, and that marital problems are a big reason why soldiers quit, you don"t have to save many marriages for this to be cost-effective, says Peter Frederich, the chaplain in charge.Several studies have shown that such courses do indeed help couples communicate better and quarrel less bitterly. As to whether they prevent divorce, a meta-analysis by Jason Carroll and William Doherty concluded that the jury was still out. The National Institutes of Health is paying for a five-year study of Mr Frederich"s soldiers to shed further light on the issue.At the end of the day, says Ms Squier, the government"s influence over the culture of marriage will be marginal. Messages from movies, peers and parents matter far more. But she does not see why, for example, the government"s only contact with an unmarried father should be to demand that he pay child support. By not even mentioning marriage, the state is implying that no one expects him to stick around. Is that a helpful message By saying "the jury was still out" the author means that ______.
Minorities often get separate and unequal mental health care: They"re less likely than whites to receive needed treatment, and the care they do get is of lower quality, says a Surgeon General"s report out Sunday. Among the key causes of the "striking disparities" in care for U.S. whites and minorities are financial barriers, racism, mistrust of doctors and language problems. "Our failure to address these disparities is playing out in homeless shelters, in foster care in prisons and jails," says Surgeon General David Satcher.Poverty greatly raises the risk of serious mental disorders, so some minority groups are especially vulnerable. Blacks and Hispanics have about triple the poverty rate of whites. And 37% of Hispanics have no health insurance, more than double the rate for whites. Lack of private insurance throws mentally ill people at the mercy of a thinning "safety net" of public treatment centers. In many cities, such as Detroit, the net is so thin, "it"s barely there," says psychologist James Jackson of the Institute for Social Research at University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.Minority kids pose special concerns. Hispanic youth have significantly poorer mental health than whites, Satcher says. Some 45% of children in foster care are black, as are more than half awaiting adoption. Many have serious mental disorders, research suggests. Even when they can afford care, feelings of stigma may get in the way. "Within many Asian cultures, mental illness is heavily stigmatized. I know, because there"s mental illness in my family," says Richard Nakamura, deputy director at the National Institute of Mental Health. Mistrust of therapists isn"t totally off the mark. There"s evidence of racial and ethnic bias by counselors, the report says.Minorities are more likely than whites to rely on their primary care doctors for detecting emotional disorders. But "it"s an uphill battle to get treatment for mental problems under managed care," says Ronald Kessler, a health policy expert at Harvard Medical School in Boston. "You have to be very sophisticated. Doctors are not likely to diagnose a mental disorder in the eight minutes they"re allowed with the patient," Kessler Says. The report recommends integrating mental health and medical services.Research on the mental health of minorities is sparse, because until the past few years, studies didn"t indicate a subject"s race or included mostly whites. In 1994, the National Institutes of Health started to require that its funded studies include minorities. Satcher remains hopeful, partly because federal grants will soon be funding programs to target the disparities. "I"m very optimistic, but I don"t believe it"s going to be easy," he says. Satcher"s attitude to narrowing the disparities in mental health care is ______.
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