Question 8问题8During our conversation with Richard Nisbett, the topic of "priming" came up, and Richard briefly mentioned a "fishy" experiment. What was the point of the experiment?在我们和Richard Nisbett的谈话中，出现了这个话题“启动效应”，Richard简单的提到了“鱼腥”实验。这个实验的意义是什么？
A. We have no conscious awareness of our perceptual processes.我们对于感知过程是没有意识觉察的。
B. The introduction of a fishy smell in the room made people suspicious and they were less likely to be persuaded.房间里的鱼腥味(怀疑的味道)使人生疑，所以他们不太可能被说服。
C. People are completely aware of the procedures that we use to solve problems.人们完全能意识到我们解决问题的过程。
D. People from cultures with the "fishy" metaphor weren't as persuaded as those from other cultures.和拥有其他文化的人相比，有“猫腻的”隐喻文化的人不如他们好说服。
E. Spraying "rat essence" in the room wasn't as effective as spraying a fishy scent.在房间里喷老鼠香氛不如喷鱼腥味香氛有效果。
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Question 9问题9Daniel Kahneman and Jackson Beatty performed several experiments where they measured the size of people's pupils. They found that the size of your pupils is an excellent measure of cognitive effort or essentially how hard your brain is working. They demonstrated this fact using a digit-span task, where people were asked to remember a series of digits. The more digits that people were asked to remember, the larger their pupils.Daniel Kahneman和Jackson Beatty展示了一个他们评估人们的瞳孔大小的实验。他们发现瞳孔的尺寸是认知能力或者说是大脑运转速率的一个很棒的测量方式。他们证明了这个事实运用了一种有数字跨度上的任务，在这个任务里人们被要求记住一系列的数字。当人们被要求记住更多时，他们的瞳孔便会变得更大。Given what you know about these pupil experiments and Systems 1 and 2, which of the following results would be unlikely:知道了这个瞳孔的实验和系统1与系统2 ，下面哪一个答案不太可能
A. identifying upside-down faces leads to more pupil dilation than identifying upright faces.识别上下颠倒的面孔比起正确方向的脸会导致更多的瞳孔扩张
B. expert radiologists have smaller pupils compared to novice radiologists when analyzing a chest x-ray for abnormalities.在分析一个胸部畸形的X光时，专家放射研究者比起新研究者时会有更小的瞳孔
C. novice air traffic controllers have larger pupils than experts when tracking potential aircraft collisions.当可能出现飞机碰撞事故时，新手飞机驾驶员比老驾驶员有更大的瞳孔
D. waiters have smaller pupils when memorizing 3 drink orders compared to 16 drink orders.服务生在记忆3种饮料时比记忆16种时有更小的瞳孔
E. every time you type a friend's email address, it gets easier and easier to remember, and your pupils get larger and larger as a result.每次你打出一个朋友的邮件地址时，这就会变得越来越简单，你的瞳孔也就会变得越来越大
Question 6In which one of the following situations would you expect people not to show a response bias?
A. Reporting the sound quality of a new device that promises to provide ultra clear and superior audio recordings.
B. A police officer makes a judgement in a dark alley about whether a suspect has a gun or a wallet in their hand.
C. The results of a shortness of breath test for patients with heart disease after receiving acupuncture from a kind and generous practitioner.
D. "Softness-of-skin" ratings after a friendly salesperson applies some free hand cream at a cosmetics counter.
E. The pain ratings of patients with heart disease after receiving acupuncture from a kind and generous practitioner.
Question 5Ian Frazer provided several reasons for why parents might not vaccinate their children. Which of the following was not a reason that he provided?
A. Some parents believe that because the disease no longer exists where they live, the vaccination is not warranted.
B. Some parents simply don't have the time or money to vaccinate their children.
C. Some parents have heard about adverse reactions to a vaccine and decide not to take the risk.
D. Some parents don't believe in the infectious nature of disease and believe that it's punishment from God.
E. Some parents believe that if everybody else is vaccinated, then they don’t have to vaccinate their own children.
Question 9Paul and James are two students with similar grades who are preparing for an exam. Paul takes extensive notes during his lectures, highlights sections of the textbook, and crams for his exam by spending hours re-reading his notes sections from his textbook. James listens to the lectures, takes notes sparingly, tries to relate the material to his own life, he asks himself questions about the material, and tries to study regularly throughout the semester. All things being equal, what would you expect to be the outcomes of their learning strategies?Paul和James是正在备考的同级生。Paul那撤了上课时记载的大量笔记，标注重点，准备在考试前花几小时反复读笔记来临时抱佛脚。James上课时认真听讲了，记了很少笔记，将材料和生活联系起来，他问自己有关材料的问题，并且整个学期都在努力而有规律地学习。其他所有条件一致，你觉得他们各自的学习技巧会取得什么样的成果？
A. They will both perform well on the examination, but Paul is likely to remember the information longer. 他们都将取得高分，但是Paul可能对所学记得更久。
B. They will both perform well on the exam, but James is likely to remember the information longer. 他们都将取得高分，但是James可能对所学记得更久。
C. James will definitely do better on the examination because he is using better learning strategies. James肯定分数更高，因为他的学习技巧更好。
D. They will both fail the examination because they are using poor learning strategies. 他们都会挂科，因为他们的学习技巧都不怎么样。
E. Paul will definitely do better on the exam because he is using better learning strategies. Paul肯定分数更高，因为他的学习技巧更好。
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