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原始决策对追踪决策有哪些影响
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Section ADirections: This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Leibniz was a German philosopher who belonged to the Rationalist school of philosophers, to which also belonged Descartes and Spinoza. But Leibniz was not only a philosopher, he was also a considerable authority on law, a diplomat, a historian and an outstanding mathematician—as is proved by his discovery in 1676, independently of Newton, of the Differential Calculus. Leibniz was the son of a Professor of Philosophy of Leipzig University, who died when his son was only 6, but who left behind a fine collection of books which the young Leibniz read eagerly. Leibniz studied law at the University, and then, while in the service of the Elector of Mainz, he visited Paris and London and became acquainted with the learned men of his time. When he was 30 he became official librarian of the Brunswich family at Hanover, where he remained till he died. His philosophy is set out in a short paper, The Mondadology, which he wrote two years before his death. Otherwise, except for one or two famous essays, his philosophical and scientific ideas have had to be assembled from his various papers and letters which, fortunately, have survived. They show Leibniz’s brilliant intellect, especially in his attempt to relate mathematics and logic so that problems of philosophy could be exactly calculated and no longer be under dispute. He held that everything from a table to man’s soul, and even to God himself, is made up of "monads" atoms, each of which is a simple, indivisible, imperishable unit, different from every other monad and constantly changing. George Berkeley Berkeley was born of an aristocratic Irish family and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he remained as fellow and tutor. All his best work was written very early, and by the age of 27 he had made a reputation as a writer on philosophy. In 1712 Berkeley went to London and associated with the literary men of the day, among whom he was warmly welcomed. Berkeley travelled widely in Italy and France, and then spent a few years in the English colonies of North America and the West Indians, where he had hoped to found a missionary college. When his hope failed, he returned to Ireland, and in 1734 was appointed Bishop of Cloyne. He spent 18 years administrating his diocese, living a happy family life with his wife and children, and writing books on both philosophical and practical subject. In 1752 he retired to Oxford, where he died the next year at the age of 68. Berkeley’s claim to fame rests on his philosophy. His views are in contrast, deliberately, to those of John Locke. As an idealist he believes that mind comes before matter, while a Materialist holds everything depends upon matter. Beyond his strictly philosophical works, Berkeley was interested in natural science and mathematics. He wrote an Essay to yards a New Theory of Vision’ in which he attempted to explain how we are able to judge the distance of objects from us. Though science has made great advances since Berkeley’s day, his essay is still of value. David Hume Hume is a celebrated Scottish philosopher and historian. In 1739, after a period of study in Paris, when he was only 28, he published one of the most influential books of English philosophy of modern times—the Treatise of Human Nature. It excited little interest, however, when it first appeared, and Hume turned to writing admirable essays on a variety of topics. In 1752 he returned to Edinburgh as librarian of Advocates’ Library, and began to compose A History of England, the final volume of which was published in 1761. From 1761 to 1765, he was secretary to the British Embassy in Paris; where he was sought after by the cultured society. For the rest of his life he lived in his native Edinburgh, the central figure of a distinguished group of writers. Hume’s chief fame as a philosopher rests on the strict and logical way in which he applied the principle of John Locke, that all thought is built up from simple and separate elements, which Hume calls impressions. He believed that even a human being is a bundle of different perceptions, and has no permanent identity. His criticism of man’s belief that everything has a cause seemed to deny what we assume, not merely from ordinary experience, but from a scientific knowledge; and since he wrote, philosophers have been trying to find answers to his penetrating doubts. Indeed he has had more influence upon recent discussion in England about the principles of knowledge than any other philosopher of the past.·had applied John Locke’s theory in his studies of philosophy 71. ______·was interested in both philosophy and mathematics 72. ______ 73. ______·came from a noble family 74. ______·tried to do something in the New World but failed in the end 75. ______·believed in the treatment of philosophy in a scientific way 76. ______·is a philosopher whose achievement in science is still referred to 77. ______ 78. ______·wrote some philosophical works which was met with little welcome but later proved successful 79. ______·established his theoretical system late in his life 80. ______
长达公司是以生产民用橡胶制品为主的中小型企业。公司产品品种繁多，大小20余种，主要是传统的民用产品，有一部分也供给其他企业作配件。橡胶制品行业目前处于技术含量不高、产品微利、竞争却非常激烈的状况。但在经济形势日趋好转，国民经济保持稳步发展的环境下，整个行业也略有发展，近年来平均发展速度大体上为5%。长达公司这几年由于产品品种的缘故，销路尚可，这几年销售增长率缓慢上升，平均保持在4.5%～4.8%的水平。该公司产品有部分出口，但由于出口量不大，因此国内、国外的销售工作均由销售部负责。最近公司正在为如何开拓市场、扩大市场占有率而花费心机。公司总经理召集各部门经理进行商议。会上有人提出，我们的问题在于缺乏有竞争力的产品，现有的产品都是别的企业也有的，大家都“在一个锅里抢饭”，不如我们另辟蹊径。现在社会上棒球的爱好者极多，特别是中小学生在课余时间普遍练习棒球。而真正的棒球钉鞋价钱太高，普通的胶底鞋又不甚合用。公司可以开发出一种硬质的胶底鞋，来满足市场的需要，同时也为自己开辟出一个新的市场。大家对此非常赞同，于是围绕这一创意展开广泛讨论。研究与开发部门认为，开发这一新产品技术上不成问题；但生产部门提出是新建还是改建生产线，需要慎重考虑。销售部也提出原来的产品尚有一定市场，不应放弃。财务部经理告诉大家，由于公司的产品在市场上的销路尚可，因此资金的周转基本正常。 总之，从目前公司各方面情况来看，条件还是有利的。 经过研究，生产硬质胶底鞋的创意正式通过。研究与开发部随后研制出一种专供打棒球用的硬底胶鞋，质量也不错。生产部门随即改造了一条普通胶底鞋生产线将新产品投入批量生产。与此同时，销售部在全国展开广告宣传，并将产品推向市场。 但是，事与愿违，销售成绩并不理想，批发商和零售商因产品滞销而纷纷要求退货。可以说这一计划是全盘失败了。 请根据案例提供的资料，回答下面的问题： 换个角度考虑问题，长达公司开发出的硬胶底鞋对真正的棒球钉鞋的替代品的威胁( )。
They cannot stay organized. They finish their homework but then lose it. And they often have trouble focusing in class. In schools across the U. S. young boys are falling behind, while young girls are thriving. Once again, learning differences between the sexes have become a big issue for educators in American schools.In classrooms across the U. S. , there is a new trend that worries educators. In every category and demographic group, boys are falling behind in school.Anita Doyle is a learning specialist who works with kids who are having academic troubles at the private Episcopal High School outside Washington D. C."In this year’s freshman class, I met about five girls and about 30 boys but I have continued to meet with the boys and I don’t see any of the girls. All of the girls have kind of figured out how to do things and they are on their own. Between myself and another learning specialist we meet with about 20 other boys," she says.Episcopal is an elite private high school that admits students based on standardized test scores and grades. Students are generally of similar academic ability.Yet Anita Doyle still sees dramatic differences In performance between the sexes. "A 14-year-old girl is academically more mature than a 14-year-old boy. This makes a huge difference, especially in the high school years. Because, what you are asking of high schoolers is to keep track of five or six subjects, plan ahead for their long term projects, decide what is important to study, to review for tests, and to prioritize, And many boys are not ready to do that task."Recent scientific research suggests that many of these differences may be hard-wired in the brain. Boys mature a year or more later than girls, and are twice as likely to have a learning disability. They tend to fidget and lose focus easily. Brain studies suggest they process language and emotions less efficiently than girls. Boys in the U. S. bring home 70 percent of poor or failing grades and receive the bulk of school suspensions.Twenty years ago, it was the girls who had fallen behind, and efforts to improve their academic performance included hiring more female teachers, who were sensitive to girls’ needs.That has had an impact on boys, says Alvaro Devicente, the Headmaster of The Heights School, a private all-boys school in the Washington area. "I think that in many eases boys are falling behind because there hag been a process over the last 20 years, a process of education becoming more feminine," he said. "And I mean that in sort of a realistic factual sense. Because if you look at the statistics there is a majority of women teachers and a majority of girls in the school that everything gets tailored to the girls and the young women."Armed with the latest statistics, many parents are abandoning the idea of gender equality in schools, acknowledging the differences between the sexes, and turning to same-sex education. The faculty of The Heights School is all male and caters to what Devicente says are the special learning needs of young boys."There have been studies, very interesting studies about how boys hear differently than girls," Devicente notes. "For a boy to really hear the tone, the volume has to ha louder. So if the teacher is speaking at a volume that is comfortable for girls, the boy is going to get distracted because it is like elevator music almost. You start looking around and you are surely going to find a distraction if you are a 12-year-old in a classroom."At the Heights school, boys are given four breaks a day. They are allowed to play tackle football, throw snowballs and vent all of their pent-up energy. Mr. Devieente says that improves their concentration in class."I think that one thing that may happen in other schools is that the way that they try to control boys is by thwarting their passion," he says. "Keeping a lid on them and getting them to do the right thing. And that is very dangerous because you can’t ask a boy to fake it. You have to redirect his passion, and they are going to be passionate and they should be passionate."Ms. Doyle, says it is not a character flaw. "You have got to understand that the way boys behave is not a character flaw. It is who they are," she says. "So you have to start with that premise. You have to start at a situation where they can see what they are capable of."Most educators agree that a wholesale change of teaching practices in schools runs the risk of doing more harm than good. But many believe accepting that differences do exist between the sexes is a starting point for realizing the full potential of every student. What can be realized for every student if educators accept differences between the sexes
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