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Section ADirections: This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center
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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Leibniz was a German philosopher who belonged to the Rationalist school of philosophers, to which also belonged Descartes and Spinoza. But Leibniz was not only a philosopher, he was also a considerable authority on law, a diplomat, a historian and an outstanding mathematician—as is proved by his discovery in 1676, independently of Newton, of the Differential Calculus. Leibniz was the son of a Professor of Philosophy of Leipzig University, who died when his son was only 6, but who left behind a fine collection of books which the young Leibniz read eagerly. Leibniz studied law at the University, and then, while in the service of the Elector of Mainz, he visited Paris and London and became acquainted with the learned men of his time. When he was 30 he became official librarian of the Brunswich family at Hanover, where he remained till he died. His philosophy is set out in a short paper, The Mondadology, which he wrote two years before his death. Otherwise, except for one or two famous essays, his philosophical and scientific ideas have had to be assembled from his various papers and letters which, fortunately, have survived. They show Leibniz’s brilliant intellect, especially in his attempt to relate mathematics and logic so that problems of philosophy could be exactly calculated and no longer be under dispute. He held that everything from a table to man’s soul, and even to God himself, is made up of "monads" atoms, each of which is a simple, indivisible, imperishable unit, different from every other monad and constantly changing. George Berkeley Berkeley was born of an aristocratic Irish family and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he remained as fellow and tutor. All his best work was written very early, and by the age of 27 he had made a reputation as a writer on philosophy. In 1712 Berkeley went to London and associated with the literary men of the day, among whom he was warmly welcomed. Berkeley travelled widely in Italy and France, and then spent a few years in the English colonies of North America and the West Indians, where he had hoped to found a missionary college. When his hope failed, he returned to Ireland, and in 1734 was appointed Bishop of Cloyne. He spent 18 years administrating his diocese, living a happy family life with his wife and children, and writing books on both philosophical and practical subject. In 1752 he retired to Oxford, where he died the next year at the age of 68. Berkeley’s claim to fame rests on his philosophy. His views are in contrast, deliberately, to those of John Locke. As an idealist he believes that mind comes before matter, while a Materialist holds everything depends upon matter. Beyond his strictly philosophical works, Berkeley was interested in natural science and mathematics. He wrote an Essay to yards a New Theory of Vision’ in which he attempted to explain how we are able to judge the distance of objects from us. Though science has made great advances since Berkeley’s day, his essay is still of value. David Hume Hume is a celebrated Scottish philosopher and historian. In 1739, after a period of study in Paris, when he was only 28, he published one of the most influential books of English philosophy of modern times—the Treatise of Human Nature. It excited little interest, however, when it first appeared, and Hume turned to writing admirable essays on a variety of topics. In 1752 he returned to Edinburgh as librarian of Advocates’ Library, and began to compose A History of England, the final volume of which was published in 1761. From 1761 to 1765, he was secretary to the British Embassy in Paris; where he was sought after by the cultured society. For the rest of his life he lived in his native Edinburgh, the central figure of a distinguished group of writers. Hume’s chief fame as a philosopher rests on the strict and logical way in which he applied the principle of John Locke, that all thought is built up from simple and separate elements, which Hume calls impressions. He believed that even a human being is a bundle of different perceptions, and has no permanent identity. His criticism of man’s belief that everything has a cause seemed to deny what we assume, not merely from ordinary experience, but from a scientific knowledge; and since he wrote, philosophers have been trying to find answers to his penetrating doubts. Indeed he has had more influence upon recent discussion in England about the principles of knowledge than any other philosopher of the past.·had applied John Locke’s theory in his studies of philosophy 71. ______·was interested in both philosophy and mathematics 72. ______ 73. ______·came from a noble family 74. ______·tried to do something in the New World but failed in the end 75. ______·believed in the treatment of philosophy in a scientific way 76. ______·is a philosopher whose achievement in science is still referred to 77. ______ 78. ______·wrote some philosophical works which was met with little welcome but later proved successful 79. ______·established his theoretical system late in his life 80. ______
长达公司是以生产民用橡胶制品为主的中小型企业。公司产品品种繁多，大小20余种，主要是传统的民用产品，有一部分也供给其他企业作配件。橡胶制品行业目前处于技术含量不高、产品微利、竞争却非常激烈的状况。但在经济形势日趋好转，国民经济保持稳步发展的环境下，整个行业也略有发展，近年来平均发展速度大体上为5%。长达公司这几年由于产品品种的缘故，销路尚可，这几年销售增长率缓慢上升，平均保持在4.5%～4.8%的水平。该公司产品有部分出口，但由于出口量不大，因此国内、国外的销售工作均由销售部负责。最近公司正在为如何开拓市场、扩大市场占有率而花费心机。公司总经理召集各部门经理进行商议。会上有人提出，我们的问题在于缺乏有竞争力的产品，现有的产品都是别的企业也有的，大家都“在一个锅里抢饭”，不如我们另辟蹊径。现在社会上棒球的爱好者极多，特别是中小学生在课余时间普遍练习棒球。而真正的棒球钉鞋价钱太高，普通的胶底鞋又不甚合用。公司可以开发出一种硬质的胶底鞋，来满足市场的需要，同时也为自己开辟出一个新的市场。大家对此非常赞同，于是围绕这一创意展开广泛讨论。研究与开发部门认为，开发这一新产品技术上不成问题；但生产部门提出是新建还是改建生产线，需要慎重考虑。销售部也提出原来的产品尚有一定市场，不应放弃。财务部经理告诉大家，由于公司的产品在市场上的销路尚可，因此资金的周转基本正常。 总之，从目前公司各方面情况来看，条件还是有利的。 经过研究，生产硬质胶底鞋的创意正式通过。研究与开发部随后研制出一种专供打棒球用的硬底胶鞋，质量也不错。生产部门随即改造了一条普通胶底鞋生产线将新产品投入批量生产。与此同时，销售部在全国展开广告宣传，并将产品推向市场。 但是，事与愿违，销售成绩并不理想，批发商和零售商因产品滞销而纷纷要求退货。可以说这一计划是全盘失败了。 请根据案例提供的资料，回答下面的问题： 换个角度考虑问题，长达公司开发出的硬胶底鞋对真正的棒球钉鞋的替代品的威胁( )。
They cannot stay organized. They finish their homework but then lose it. And they often have trouble focusing in class. In schools across the U. S. young boys are falling behind, while young girls are thriving. Once again, learning differences between the sexes have become a big issue for educators in American schools.In classrooms across the U. S. , there is a new trend that worries educators. In every category and demographic group, boys are falling behind in school.Anita Doyle is a learning specialist who works with kids who are having academic troubles at the private Episcopal High School outside Washington D. C."In this year’s freshman class, I met about five girls and about 30 boys but I have continued to meet with the boys and I don’t see any of the girls. All of the girls have kind of figured out how to do things and they are on their own. Between myself and another learning specialist we meet with about 20 other boys," she says.Episcopal is an elite private high school that admits students based on standardized test scores and grades. Students are generally of similar academic ability.Yet Anita Doyle still sees dramatic differences In performance between the sexes. "A 14-year-old girl is academically more mature than a 14-year-old boy. This makes a huge difference, especially in the high school years. Because, what you are asking of high schoolers is to keep track of five or six subjects, plan ahead for their long term projects, decide what is important to study, to review for tests, and to prioritize, And many boys are not ready to do that task."Recent scientific research suggests that many of these differences may be hard-wired in the brain. Boys mature a year or more later than girls, and are twice as likely to have a learning disability. They tend to fidget and lose focus easily. Brain studies suggest they process language and emotions less efficiently than girls. Boys in the U. S. bring home 70 percent of poor or failing grades and receive the bulk of school suspensions.Twenty years ago, it was the girls who had fallen behind, and efforts to improve their academic performance included hiring more female teachers, who were sensitive to girls’ needs.That has had an impact on boys, says Alvaro Devicente, the Headmaster of The Heights School, a private all-boys school in the Washington area. "I think that in many eases boys are falling behind because there hag been a process over the last 20 years, a process of education becoming more feminine," he said. "And I mean that in sort of a realistic factual sense. Because if you look at the statistics there is a majority of women teachers and a majority of girls in the school that everything gets tailored to the girls and the young women."Armed with the latest statistics, many parents are abandoning the idea of gender equality in schools, acknowledging the differences between the sexes, and turning to same-sex education. The faculty of The Heights School is all male and caters to what Devicente says are the special learning needs of young boys."There have been studies, very interesting studies about how boys hear differently than girls," Devicente notes. "For a boy to really hear the tone, the volume has to ha louder. So if the teacher is speaking at a volume that is comfortable for girls, the boy is going to get distracted because it is like elevator music almost. You start looking around and you are surely going to find a distraction if you are a 12-year-old in a classroom."At the Heights school, boys are given four breaks a day. They are allowed to play tackle football, throw snowballs and vent all of their pent-up energy. Mr. Devieente says that improves their concentration in class."I think that one thing that may happen in other schools is that the way that they try to control boys is by thwarting their passion," he says. "Keeping a lid on them and getting them to do the right thing. And that is very dangerous because you can’t ask a boy to fake it. You have to redirect his passion, and they are going to be passionate and they should be passionate."Ms. Doyle, says it is not a character flaw. "You have got to understand that the way boys behave is not a character flaw. It is who they are," she says. "So you have to start with that premise. You have to start at a situation where they can see what they are capable of."Most educators agree that a wholesale change of teaching practices in schools runs the risk of doing more harm than good. But many believe accepting that differences do exist between the sexes is a starting point for realizing the full potential of every student. What can be realized for every student if educators accept differences between the sexes
苏星公司的战略选择 苏星公司是一家以生产牙膏为主的企业。最近，公司召开了一次高层管理会议，重点讨论公司的中期发展战略。总经理高先生强烈主张公司应积极拓展新的业务领域。他认为，随着时间的推移，苏星公司的销售额和市场占有率将很难再有所提高，但几个主要股东不会满意这种低增长，他们已习惯了苏星在前几年的高增长。因此，高总经理不同意单纯在现有基础上扩充公司主业规模的主张。 高总在会议上这样分析：“根据我所掌握的资料，我公司目前的主业市场需求将趋于稳定，但是有两点我们必须注意：第一点是在过去的一年中，我们的主要市场上新增加了三家竞争对手，而且估计还会有三家将在不久加入我公司的主要行业中来。尽管这些现实的和潜在的竞争者在其目标市场选择上避开了与我公司完全重合，但它们迟早会直接或间接地对我们形成冲击。据我所知，其中有两家公司正在筹备引进国外设备，通过扩张生产规模而降低单位生产成本，估计两三年后，国内牙膏市场将出现一轮新的价格战，这肯定将影响我们的业绩。所以，高价格和高利润的时代已快过去了。在我看来，从现在起，我们将面对严酷的竞争。第二点是现在国外一些发达国家已经开始流行一种漱口液，这种漱口液不仅具有牙膏的功能，而且具有清洁喉部的功效。另外，这种漱口液产品不需使用牙刷，用起来很方便，我估计用不了很长时间，国内各个城市的白领阶层将接受这种产品。毫无疑问，这将对我公司的主业形成直接冲击。因此，我的意见是，我们应该从现在起开始考虑我们的主业调整，而绝不能再像以前那样，对牙膏产品经营保持那么高的投入。” 会上，大家非常认真地听取了高总经理的报告，但是最后并没有完全采纳这位总经理的意见。许多人并不是不同意高总的意见，而是担心对于公司的主业挑战一旦没有计划设想的那样顺利，那么，公司的效益下滑将超出人们可以接受的范围。大多数人觉得比较稳妥的做法是分两个方面同步进行：一方面，稳住牙膏这一主产品的经营；另一方面，积极着手寻找新的生产领域。高总经理也接受了这样的建议。 高总认为，在牙膏市场上，为迎接公司即将面临的激烈竞争，必须设法进一步扩大市场。这就是：一方面，对现有市场进行渗透，设法鼓励公司顾客多消费苏星的产品；另一方面，选择农村等亚市场进行开发。在对主市场的渗透方面，高总和公司其他高级主管经过反复研究，提出了下列三项基本策略： 第一，强化促销活动，准备与当地政府以及有关医疗机构联合，在全国各大城市开展宣传活动。估计全部宣传活动结束以后，可以增加销售额1.12亿元，利润2300万元。 第二，改变产品包装，分别针对单身用户、两口之家、三口之家以及四口以上的大家庭推出不同的牙膏组件，以刺激人们更多地消费牙膏。这样一来，估计可以增加9%的年销量。 第三，实行差别价格策略。据市场研究部门估计，在各种用户群中，三口之家对降价是最敏感的，降价5个百分点可导致大约10个百分点的利润增加。 以上三种策略，成功的概率各有不同。高总经理等人估计，第一项策略的成功有六成把握，而第二、三项策略成功的可能性分别为35%和70%。 在开发方面，高总等人最终决定，以城市人口中55～65岁的消费群为目标市场，推出一种有固齿功效的药物牙膏。该项调查报告表明，在我国中老年中，平均6%的人有固齿的需要，而目前国内市场上还没有对应的产品。高总决定尽快将新产品投放市场。 简述决策应该遵循哪些基本原则请结合案例说明该公司面临的决策问题分别是哪种类型。
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