题目内容
There are many kinds of friends. Some are always ( 1 ) you, but don’t understand you. Some say only a few words to you, but understand you. Many people will step in your life, but only ( 2 )friends leave footprints. I shall always recall the autumn and the girl with the ( 3 ). She will always bring back the friendship between us. I know she will always be my best friend. It was the golden season. I could see the yellow leaves ( 4 )with the cool ( 5 ). In such a season, I liked walking alone on the roads covered with leaves, ( 6 )to the sound of them. Autumn is a ( 7 )season and life is uninteresting. The free days always get me ( 8 ). But one day, the sound of a violin ( 9 )into my ears like a stream flowing in the mountains. I was so surprised that I jumped to see what it was. A young girl, standing in the wind, was ( 10 )in playing her violin. I had ( 11 )seen her before. The music was so nice that I listened quietly. Lost in the music, I didn’t know that I had been ( 12 )there for so long but my existence did not seem to disturb her. Leaves were still falling. Every day she played the violin at the corner of the building ( 13 )I went downstairs to watch her performance. I was the only listener. The autumn seemed no longer lonely and life became ( 14 ). ( 15 )we didn’t know each other, I thought we were already good friends. I believe she also loved me. Autumn was nearly over. One day, when I was listening carefully, the sound suddenly ( 16 ). To my astonishment, the girl came over to me. “You must like music from the violin.” she said. “Yes. And you play very well. Why did you stop” I asked. Suddenly, a ( 17 )expression appeared on her face and I could feel something unusual. “I came here to see my grandmother, but now I must leave. I once played very badly. It was your listening every day that ( 18 )me.” she said. “In fact, it was your playing ( 19 )gave me a meaningful autumn,” I answered, “Let’s be friends.” The girl smiled, and so did I. I never heard her play again in my life. I no longer went downstairs to listen to her. Only thick leaves were left behind. But I will always remember the fine figure (身影) of the girl. She is like a ( 20 )―so short, so bright, like a shooting star giving off so much light that makes the autumn beautiful.
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What are you doing when you aren’t doing anything at all If you said "nothing," then you have just passed a test in logic and failed a test in neuroscience. (46)When people perform mental tasks, different areas of their brains become active, and brain scans show these active areas as brightly colored squares on an otherwise dull gray background. But researchers have recently discovered that when these areas of our brains light up, other areas go dark. This dark network is off when we seem to be on, and on when we seem to be off. When we appear to be doing nothing, we are clearly doing something. But whatThe answer, it seems, is time travel. (47)The human body moves forward in time at the rate of one second per second whether we like it or not, but the human mind can move through time in any direction and at any speed it chooses. Why did evolution design our brains to go wandering in time Perhaps it’s because an experi- ence is a terrible thing to waste.(48)Time travel allows us to pay for an experience once and then have it again and again at no additional charge, learning new lessons with each repetition. Animals learn by trial and error, and the smarter they are, the fewer trials they need. Traveling backward buys us many trials for the price of one, but traveling forward allows us to dispense with trials entirely. (49)Just as pilots practice flying in flight simulators, the rest of us practice living in life simulators, and our ability to simulate future courses of action and preview their consequences en- ables us to learn from mistakes without making them. The dark network allows us to visit the future, but not just any future: only when we move ourselves through time does it come alive.Perhaps the most startling fact about the dark network isn’t what it does but how often it does it. Neurosci- entists refer to it as the brain’s default mode, which is to say that we spend more of our time away from the present than in it. (50)People typically overestimate how often they are in the moment because they rarely take notice when they take leave; it is only when the environment demands our attention that our mental time ma- chines switch themselves off. We stay just long enough to take a message and then we slip off again to the land of Elsewhen, our dark networks awash in fight. When people perform mental tasks, different areas of their brains become active, and brain scans show these active areas as brightly colored squares on an otherwise dull gray background.
People are unselfish because they are militaristic, and cultured because they are common. At least that is the message of a couple of new studies. Two of the oddest things about people are morality and culture. Neither is unique to humans,-but Homo sapiens (humans) have both in an abundance missing from other species. (41) ______How these human traits evolved is controversial. But two papers may throw light on the process. In one, Samuel Bowles of the Santa Fe Institute in New Mexico fieshes out his paradoxical theory that much of human virtue was forged in the war. Comrades in arms, he believes, become comrades in other things, too. (42) ______. It also requires a dense population.Dr Bowles’s argument starts in an obscure crack of evolutionary theory called group selection. This suggests that groups of collaborative individuals will often do better than groups of selfish ones, and thus prosper at their expense. (43)______This good-of-the-group argument was widely believed until the 1960s, when it was subject to rigorous scrutiny and found wanting~ The new theory does not pitch groups against groups, or even individuals against individuals, but genes against genes. In fact, this theory does not disallow unselfish behavior. (44)______. The "selfish gene" analysis, so called after a book by Richard Dawkins, makes good-of-the-group theory almost impossible to achieve.Dr Bowles has focused the argument on war, since it is both highly collaborative and often genetically terminal for the losers. In his latest paper he puts some numbers on the idea. He looks at the data, plugs them into a mathematical model of his devising and finds a pleasing outcome.Dr Thomas and his colleagues also rely on a mathematical model. The model suggested that once more than about 50 groups were in contact with one another, the complexity of skills that could be maintained did not increase as the number of groups increased. Rather, it was population density that turned out to be the key to cultural sophistication. (45)______Dr Thomas therefore suggests that the reason there is so little sign of culture until 90,000 years ago is that there were not enough people to support it. According to him, culture was not invented once, when people had become clever enough, and then gradually built up into the edifice it is today. Rather, it came and went as the population waxed and waned. Since the invention of agriculture, of course, the population has done nothing but wax. The consequences are all around you.[A] In the other paper, Mark Thomas and his colleagues at University College, London, suggest that cultural sophistication depends on more than just the evolution of intelligence.[B] It is therefore no surprise, according to group-selectionists, that individuals might be genetically predetermined to act in self-sacrificial ways.[C] But it requires that this evolve in a way that promotes the interest of a particular gene--for example by helping close relatives who might also harbor the gene in question.[D] This, he contends, allows the evolution of collaborative, unselfish traits that would not otherwise be possible.[E] The more people there were, the more exchange there was between groups and the richer the culture of each group became.[F] Indeed, that abundance--of concern for the well-being of others, (even unrelated others), and of finely crafted material objects both useful and ornamental--is seen by many as the mark of man, as what distinguishes humanity from mere beasts.[G] They note the word "almost" in the argument above and contend that humans, with their high intelligence and possession of language, and their tendency to live in small, tightly knit groups, might be exceptional. 45
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