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American society has been described as maintaining a stereotypic and often negative perception of older adults. This negative and/or stereotypic perception of aging and aged individuals is readily apparent in such areas as language, media, and humor. For example, such commonly used phrases as "over the hill" and "don’t be an old fuddy-duddy" denote old age as a period of impotency and incompetency. The term used to describe this stereotypic and often negative bias against older adults is ageism. Ageism can be defined as "any action, or institutional structure which subordinates a person or group because of age or any assignment of roles in society purely on the basis of age". As an "ism", ageism reflects a prejudice in society against older adults. Ageism, however, is different from other "isms’’ ( sexism, racism, etc. ), for primarily two reasons. First, age classification is not static. An individual’s age classification changes as one progresses through the life cycle. Thus, age classification is characterized by continual change, while the other classification systems traditionally used by society such as race and gender remain constant. Second, no one is exempt from at some point achieving the status of old, and therefore, unless they die at an early age, experiencing ageism. The later is an important distinction as ageism can thus affect the individual on two levels. First, the individual may be ageist with respect to others. That is s/he may stereotype other people on the basis of age. Second, the individual may be ageist with respect to self. Thus, ageist attitudes may affect the self concept. Much research has been conducted concerning ageism. However, the empirical evidence is inconclusive. Some research demonstrates the existence of ageist attitudes and other research does not. This discrepancy is most likely the result of methodological differences and, in particular, methodological errors. A brief discussion of the major methodological errors or problems found in ageism research may be helpful in clarifying this point. What conclusion can be drawn from the last paragraph of the passage about researches conducted concerning ageism
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Question 30 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 5 seconds to answer the question. Now, listen to the news.
Whether you are a harried parent fighting with a 14-year-old about an objectionable video or a member of the Supreme Court assessing nuanced arguments about obscenity, the task of deciding what someone else can or cannot see, read, or listen to, is always challenging. Although few of us make cultural decisions for a large number of people in our daily lives -- as librarians or television programmers do -- most of us at least occasionally must wear the censor’s hat. There is always something at stake in such decisions, and they can only become more frequent in our media-saturated era. Consider this scenario: You are in your living room watching a rented video with your 14-year-old son. A scene you are unprepared for unfolds in the film, containing material that makes you uncomfortable enough that you do not wish your child to see it.So who has made decisions that allow the display of this videoThe Child -- Requested this film rather than another on your visit to the video store.The Parent -- Consented to renting it for family viewing.The Video Store Clerk -- who rents the film without comment, knowing that his 14-year-old brother loved the film, but that some parents have already complained about it.The Newspaper Movie Reviewer -- who watches films for a living, and found this one good, but makes a point of not flagging potentially offensive content in films. Instead she declines to review films which she finds truly objectionable so as to not give them more publicity.The Marketers of the Film -- who selected the public images to represent and sell the film both in movie theaters and in video and highlighted the scene in question in a trailer the 14-year-old, but not you, his parent, saw.The Distributor of the Film -- who based the decision to carry this film based on its potential profitability alone.The Motion Picture Association of America -- which has rated the film "R" in accordance with content guidelines, which while subject to debate, provide some information for all involved.The Creative Team for the Film-- writers, actors, designers, director, etc., who argued ferociously about the scene in question, which was first proposed by the director. Because of this controversy, it was shot in three radically different ways and heavily edited as well.The Novelist -- who wrote the original story on which the film was based. The scene in question does not appear in the novel at all, and when she sees the film, she considers it unnecessary, but entirely unobjectionable. These decision-makers work in the larger context of the protection of artistic expression in the First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. But this protection is not absolute. Law enforcement agencies, courts, and legislatures all have a role to play in regulating the objectionable when it falls in the category of obscenity. Which of the following statements is true, according to the passage
American society has been described as maintaining a stereotypic and often negative perception of older adults. This negative and/or stereotypic perception of aging and aged individuals is readily apparent in such areas as language, media, and humor. For example, such commonly used phrases as "over the hill" and "don’t be an old fuddy-duddy" denote old age as a period of impotency and incompetency. The term used to describe this stereotypic and often negative bias against older adults is ageism. Ageism can be defined as "any action, or institutional structure which subordinates a person or group because of age or any assignment of roles in society purely on the basis of age". As an "ism", ageism reflects a prejudice in society against older adults. Ageism, however, is different from other "isms’’ ( sexism, racism, etc. ), for primarily two reasons. First, age classification is not static. An individual’s age classification changes as one progresses through the life cycle. Thus, age classification is characterized by continual change, while the other classification systems traditionally used by society such as race and gender remain constant. Second, no one is exempt from at some point achieving the status of old, and therefore, unless they die at an early age, experiencing ageism. The later is an important distinction as ageism can thus affect the individual on two levels. First, the individual may be ageist with respect to others. That is s/he may stereotype other people on the basis of age. Second, the individual may be ageist with respect to self. Thus, ageist attitudes may affect the self concept. Much research has been conducted concerning ageism. However, the empirical evidence is inconclusive. Some research demonstrates the existence of ageist attitudes and other research does not. This discrepancy is most likely the result of methodological differences and, in particular, methodological errors. A brief discussion of the major methodological errors or problems found in ageism research may be helpful in clarifying this point. What is the exact meaning of Ageism, according to the passage
Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions, Now, listen to the passage. Muhammad Ali started to learn boxing because______.
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