题目内容
American society has been described as maintaining a stereotypic and often negative perception of older adults. This negative and/or stereotypic perception of aging and aged individuals is readily apparent in such areas as language, media, and humor. For example, such commonly used phrases as "over the hill" and "don’t be an old fuddy-duddy" denote old age as a period of impotency and incompetency. The term used to describe this stereotypic and often negative bias against older adults is ageism. Ageism can be defined as "any action, or institutional structure which subordinates a person or group because of age or any assignment of roles in society purely on the basis of age". As an "ism", ageism reflects a prejudice in society against older adults. Ageism, however, is different from other "isms’’ ( sexism, racism, etc. ), for primarily two reasons. First, age classification is not static. An individual’s age classification changes as one progresses through the life cycle. Thus, age classification is characterized by continual change, while the other classification systems traditionally used by society such as race and gender remain constant. Second, no one is exempt from at some point achieving the status of old, and therefore, unless they die at an early age, experiencing ageism. The later is an important distinction as ageism can thus affect the individual on two levels. First, the individual may be ageist with respect to others. That is s/he may stereotype other people on the basis of age. Second, the individual may be ageist with respect to self. Thus, ageist attitudes may affect the self concept. Much research has been conducted concerning ageism. However, the empirical evidence is inconclusive. Some research demonstrates the existence of ageist attitudes and other research does not. This discrepancy is most likely the result of methodological differences and, in particular, methodological errors. A brief discussion of the major methodological errors or problems found in ageism research may be helpful in clarifying this point. What is the exact meaning of Ageism, according to the passage
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Questions 17 to 20 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions, Now, listen to the passage. Muhammad Ali started to learn boxing because______.
TEXT A James Joyce’s Ulysses In 1918, James Joyce’s novel Ulysses was published in installments by a small Greenwich Village magazine, The Little Review.The novel, which uses stream-of-consciousness storylines to compress universal concerns into a single day in the life of three characters in 1904 Dublin, immediately came under the eye of the New York Anti-Vice Society because of its frank sexual content. The publishers were tried under obscenity provisions in the U. S. Postal Code in 1920 and were found guilty, fined, and ordered to cease publication. Ulysses’ banned status and publicity from the trial, however, generated widespread interest among some writers and readers. In 1922, an American bookseller in Paris, Shakespeare Co, published the first edition, which sold out instantly. Joyce found champions in poets Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot and novelist Ernest Hemingway. He was hailed by some even as the greatest modem writer of English prose. The book was routinely smuggled into both the United States and Great Britain, where it was also banned. Random House waged a four-year legal battle to publish Ulysses in the United States and won its landmark case in 1934. Four years later, the book was published in England. By the end of the 20th century, Ulysses is taught in colleges and universities around the world. Scholars admire its audacity and poetical vision. Readers love its playful humor and humanity. Some critics consider its publication the signal event in the emergence of the modern novel. In 1998, a board of distinguished writers convened by Random House’s Modern Library series selects Ulysses as the best novel of the century. James Joyce’s Ulysses was banned because of its______.
Questions 28 and 29 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the news. The difference between the two versions of the timeline by NASA is______.
Questions 7 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the conversation. Which of the following is NOT true, according to the conversation
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