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Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.In what may be bad news for bars and pubs, an European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3,500 adults who had never had cancer.After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal cancer. "Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites traced too smoking or drinking by study volunteers," Dal Maso says. The discouraging news his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn't eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.For their new analysis, the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to 20 drinks a week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day. Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk the high-intake, with-meals-only group was only triple that in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals."Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer." Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissue's lower exposure to alcohol.1. Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people __________ ___.A. who drink alcohol outside of meals. B. who drink alcohol at meals.C. who never drink alcohol at meals. D. who drink alcohol at bars and pubs.2. Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about "drinking with meals"?______ A. It has a lower risk of cancer than drinking without foodB. It may also be a cause of cancerC. It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sitesD. It does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?______ A. 3 drinks B. 8 drinksC. 20 drinks D. 56 drinks4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage?______ A. Oral cancer B. Laryngeal cancerC. Pharyngeal cancer D. esophageal cancer5. According to the last paragraph, tissue's lower exposure to alcohol __________ ____.A. explains why inflammation triggers cancerB. accounts for why food can coat digestive-tract tissuesC. is the reason why food can scrub alcohol off tissuesD. reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer
Passage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.A two-week treatment with an experimental immune - suppressing drug halted progression of diabetes in newly diagnosed patients for at least a year. This is a study reported recently in new England Journal of Medicine. Researchers at Columbia University say they followed the course of illness in 24 patients, ages 7 to 27, who were diagnosed with type Ι diabetes, a form of disease that occurs when the insulin - producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed by the body’s own immune system.They found that the drug halted destruction of insulin - producing cells in nine of the 12 treated patients, while 10 of the 12 untreated patients had significant decline in insulin production. The experimental drug is safer than other immune - suppressants because it targets only specific cells, eliminating dangerous side effects on other organs or tissues, and its beneficial effects continue beyond treatment, says its developer, Jeffrey Bluestone of the University of California-San Francisco. Furthermore, a two-year trial involving 80 patients is scheduled to begin within a few weeks.If results are confirmed in larger studies, the drug should be a “major contribution” to diabetes prevention, says Jay Skyler of the University of Miami. Skyler, director of a large diabetes prevention study, reports in a second journal article that in a study of 339 people at high risk of developing type Ι diabetes, insulin injections did not prevent the disease.Skyler says, “We hope we’d find something that would be a help to the people at risk for diabetes, because so much is known about insulin and its safety. If we could hit this difficult point, it would be a most exciting event.”The study shows the value of clinical trials. Small studies might give them hints of what might be right, but their results need to be confirmed in larger studies.The second part of the Diabetes prevention Trial, a study to determine the effect on diabetes prevention of oral insulin, which works through a different mechanism than injected insulin, should be completed next year.16. What is the drug used for stopping progression of diabetes in this study?______ A. insulin injection B. oral insulinC. a new immune - suppressing drug D. an immune - suppressing drug under trial17. What kind of diabetes is the immune - suppressing drug used for?______ A. type ΙΙ diabetes B. type Ι diabetesC. secondary diabetes D. alimentary diabetes18. What is the main function of the immune - suppressing drug?______ A. stopping destruction of insulin-producing cellsB. causing a decline in insulin production C. leading to hypoglycemia D. leading to hyperglycemia 19. Which of the following statements is Not true?______ A. A two-year trial involving 80 patients just a few weeks agoB. In this study researchers followed the course of illness in 24 patients C. This experimental drug is safer than other immune - suppressants D. This drug would be a great contribution to the control of diabetes if the results are confirmed in larger studies20. What style of writing do you think is this passage?______ A. story B. noticeC. news report D. thesis
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