Which of the followings is involved in a decrease of myocardial contraction function during heart failure? ()
A. dysfunction of Ca 2+ binding to troponin
B. disorder of dissociation of myosin-actin complex
C. reduced diastolic potential energy of ventricle
D. reduced affinity between Na +- Ca 2+ exchange and Ca 2+
E. reduced activity of Ca 2+ - ATPase on myocardial membranes
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Which of the followings is the main mechanism of dyspnea induced by left heart failure? ()
A. pulmonary hypertension;
B. pulmonary congestion, edema;
C. increased vagus nerve tone in deep sleep;
D. venous return acceleration while the patient is in supine position;
E. reduced thoracic cavity volume while the patient is in supine position
Which of the following changes occurs in left heart failure? ()
A. liver congestion
B. gastrointestinal congestion
C. jugular venous engorgement
D. pulmonary congestion, edema
E. Cardiac edema
For an adult, while breathing air in a resting condition and at sea level, the diagnostic criteria for typeⅠ of respiratory failure is ()
A. PaO2
B. PAO2
C. PaCO2>8.0kPa
D. PaO2 >6.67kPa (50mmHg)
E. PaO2 6.67 kPa
The main cause of restrictive hypoventilation is ()
A. Dysfunction of respiratory muscles
B. Decrease in the surface area of alveolar membrane, and increase in the thickness of alveolar membrane
C. Increase in the thickness and stenosis of airway wall
D. Ventilation-perfusion imbalance
E. The external airway obstruction
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