Which of the followings is the main mechanism of dyspnea induced by left heart failure? ()
A. pulmonary hypertension;
B. pulmonary congestion, edema;
C. increased vagus nerve tone in deep sleep;
D. venous return acceleration while the patient is in supine position;
E. reduced thoracic cavity volume while the patient is in supine position
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Which of the following changes occurs in left heart failure? ()
A. liver congestion
B. gastrointestinal congestion
C. jugular venous engorgement
D. pulmonary congestion, edema
E. Cardiac edema
For an adult, while breathing air in a resting condition and at sea level, the diagnostic criteria for typeⅠ of respiratory failure is ()
A. PaO2
B. PAO2
C. PaCO2>8.0kPa
D. PaO2 >6.67kPa (50mmHg)
E. PaO2 6.67 kPa
The main cause of restrictive hypoventilation is ()
A. Dysfunction of respiratory muscles
B. Decrease in the surface area of alveolar membrane, and increase in the thickness of alveolar membrane
C. Increase in the thickness and stenosis of airway wall
D. Ventilation-perfusion imbalance
E. The external airway obstruction
The feature of blood gas alteration in respiratory failure resulting from narcotic overdose is ()
A. Increased PaCO2
B. The decrease of PaO2 is more prominent than the increase of PaCO2
C. The decrease of PaO2is accompanied by a proportional increase of PaCO2
D. The increase of PaCO2 is more prominent than the decrease of PaO2
E. Decreased PaO2
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