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What is the relationship of the two people
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TEXT C The road from Mildura to Merbein, in north-west Victoria, is a sad sight. Many of its farms are covered with wine grapes, dying on the vines. Farmers planted the vines hoping to cash in on the seemingly endless boom in Australian wine. But in 2007 the boom turned to bust, forcing many farmers to walk away from grapes and land they cannot sell. Over the past 15 years Australia’s wine industry has been one of its great success stories. Export revenues last year reached A$3 billion ($2.4 billion), four times the figure from 1997. Britain, America and Canada, among the most competitive markets for wine, are Australia’s three biggest customers. But the suffering in places like Mildura and nearby Remark in South Australia is a sign that the industry fell victim to its own success. Flushed with a growing demand for Australian wines, a grape shortage, and soaring grape prices, growers rushed to plant more vines in the late 1990s. In 1998 they put in a record 16,000 new hectares, double the new plantings two years earlier. In 2005 Australia produced almost 2 million tons of wine grapes, a quarter more than analysts say its markets can absorb. Then came Australia’s worst drought in a century. Mildum and Renmark are surrounded by desert, and fruit farms and vineyards survive only with irrigation from the Murray River, the lifeblood of Australia’s agriculture. Smaller firms, which supply the big winemakers with some of their grapes, faced a double whammy: falling grape prices and cuts to irrigation water. Stephen Strachan, chief executive of the Winemakers’ Federation of Australia, reckons the drought was a turning point, even a tragic one in some cases, in forcing the industry back to "sustainable levels". The planting rush has ended. The 3,600 hectares of new vines planted in 2006 almost equaled the 3,400 hectares of vines ripped out of the ground that year. The drought has also led to much soul-searching among Australia’s 2,000 wine producers about how the industry can recapture its reputation for quality wines. There is now stiff competition in the mid-market from other New World producers, .notably New Zealand, where the wine industry is booming. Much Australian wine during the grape glut found its way onto the world market as bulk or "commodity" wine, sold at low prices or even at a loss. This harmed Australia’s reputation among consumers. Australian producers now face the task of earning a reputation for quality rather than quantity. The appreciation of the Australian dollar, which makes Australian wines more expensive overseas, has brought a new urgency to the job. Historically, many Australian winemakers have derided the French approach to making wine, especially the idea that the finest wines come only from a terroir—the union of climate and soil characteristic of each place. Australian producers instead pride themselves on what they regard as a less snooty and more democratic approach: blending grapes from different regions to achieve a consistent wine. But some are now asking whether marketing an Australian wine’s locality, as much as its grape variety, might work better. Some smaller producers are already doing just that. In Margaret River in Western Australia, for example, small winemakers produce 3% of the country’s production, mainly at the high end of the market, and independently of the big companies that predominate in eastern Australia. Denis Horgan, the owner of Leeuwin Estate, raves about the region’s soil and climate, and prides himself on Leeuwin’s high-quality wines, which sell for as much as A$95 a bottle. Steve Webber, the winemaker at De Bortoli, a family winery in the Yarra Valley of Victoria, argues that Australia can no longer hope to compete on price alone. "We have to be making more interesting wines, and we have to look more to our regions, as the French do," he says. Australia’s 2008 grape harvest is expected to be back down to 1.6 million tons. Grapes are once again in short supply, and prices are rising modestly. But only the foolhardy would take this as a chance to make a killing, and start planting again. According to the last paragraph,
听人家背地里谈论，孔乙己原来也读过书，但终于没有进学，又不会营生：于是愈过愈穷．弄到将要讨饭了。幸而写得一笔好宇．便替人家抄抄书，换一碗饭吃。可惜他又有一样坏脾气，便是好喝懒做。坐不到几天．便连人和书籍纸张笔砚，一齐失踪。如是几次，叫他抄书的人也没有了。孔乙己没有法，便免不了偶然做些偷窃的事。但他在我们店里，品行却比别人都好，就是从不拖欠，虽然间或没有现钱，暂时记在粉板上，但不出一月，定然还清，从粉板上拭去了孔乙己的名字。
TEXT B It was said by Sir George Bernard Shaw that "England and America are two countries separated by the same language." My first personal experience of this was when I worked as a camp counselor for two months in 2000 in Summer Camp run by the Boy Scouts of America, as part of an international leader exchange scheme. Before I went, all the participants in the scheme were given a short list of words that are in common use in the UK which Americans would either be confused by or would even offend them. I memorized the words and thought "I’ll cope". When I finally arrived in the States three months later, I realized that perhaps a lifetime of watching American television was not adequate preparation for appreciating and coping with the differences between American and British speech. In the first hour of arriving at the camp I was exposed to High School American English, Black American English and American English spoken by Joe Public, all every different to each other. Needless to say, I did cope in the end. The Americans I met were very welcoming and helpful, and I found they were patient with me when I made a social faux pas when I used an inappropriate word or phrase. Upon my return I began to wonder whether anyone had documented the differences between American and British English. I found several books on the subject but often these were written in a dry and academic way. I felt that I could do better and use my sense of humor and personal experiences to help people from both sides of Atlantic to communicate more effectively when they meet. My research into the subject led me to several conclusions. Firstly, American English and British English are coveting, thanks to increased transatlantic travel and the media. The movement of slang words is mostly eastwards, though a few words from the UK have been adopted by the Ivy League fraternities, This convergent trend is a recent one dating from the emergence of Hollywood as the predominant film making center in the world and also from the Second World War when large numbers of American GIs were stationed in the UK. This trend was consolidated by the advent of television. Before then, it was thought that American English and British English would diverge as the two languages evolved. In 1789, Noah Webster stated that: "Numerous local causes, such as a new country, new associations of people, new combinations of ideas in the arts and some intercourse with tribes wholly unknown in Europe will introduce new words into the American tongue." He was right, but his next statement has since been proved to be incorrect. "These causes will produce in the course of time a language in North America as different from the modern Dutch, Danish and Swedish are from the German or from one another." Webster had underrated the mount of social intercourse between England and her former colony. Even before Webster had started to compile his dictionary, words and expressions from the America had already infiltrated the British language, for example "canoe" and "hatchet". Secondly, there are some generalizations that can be made about American and British English which can reveal the nature of the two nations and their peoples. British speech tends to be less general, and directed more, in nuances of meaning, attendant murmurings and pauses, carries a wealth of shared assumptions and attitudes. In other words, the British are preoccupied with their social status within society and speak and act accordingly to fit into the social class they aspire to. This is particularly evident when talking to someone from "the middle class" when he points out that he is "upper middle class" rather than "middle class" or "lower middle class". John Major (the former UK Prime Minister) may have said that we are now living in a "classless society" but the class system still prevails. At that moment both he and the Leader of the Opposition, Tony Blair, were talking about capturing the "middle England", " middle class vote" as the key to winning the next general election. American speech tends to be influenced by the over-heated language of much of the media, which is designed to attach an impression of exciting activity to passive, if sometimes insignificant events. Yet, curiously, really violent activity and life-changing events are hidden in blind antiseptic tones that serve to disguise the reality. Two examples come readily to mind—the US Military with their "friendly fire" and "collateral damages" and the business world with their "downsizing". British people tend to understatement whereas Americans towards hyperbole. A Briton might respond to a suggestion with a word such as "Terrific!" only if he is expressing rapturous enthusiasm, whereas an American might use the word merely to signify polite assent. Thirdly, The American language has less regard than the British for grammatical form, and will happily bulldoze its way across distinctions rather than steer a path between them. American English will casually use one form of a word for another, for example turning nouns into verbs or verbs and nouns into adjectives. In terms of grammatical form,
Today information technology has come to play a very important role in our daily lives. It involves more than just computer literacy; it also takes into account how computers work and how these computers can further be used for information processing and for communications and problem solving tasks. Some people say information technology is a breakthrough in human development since it brings with it so many conveniences while some others believe that disadvantages of information technology outweigh its advantages. What is your opinion Please write an essay of about 400 words. In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.
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