In an experiment, thrombus formation is studied in areas of vascular damage. After a thrombus forms in an area of vascular injury, the propagation of the thrombus to normal arteries is prevented. Researches identify a substance that diminishes thrombus propagation by binding to thrombin, converting it to a procoagulant that activates protein C. Which of the following substance is most likely to produce this effect_ _
A. Calcium
B. Fibrin
C. Platelet factor 4
D. Prothrombin
E. Thrombomodulin
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A 44-year-old man has an acute myocardial infarction. Four days later, his ejection fraction is 25%, and cardiac output is reduced. The patient becomes increasingly dyspneic, and a chest radiograph shows bilateral pulmonary edema. These pulmonary findings are most likely caused by which of the following mechanisms _ _
A. Lymphatic obstruction
B. Decreased plasma osmotic pressure
C. Decreased central venous pressure
D. Increased hydrostatic pressure
E. Acute inflammation
Within 1 hour after a gunshot wound to the abdomen, a 19-year-old man exhibits tachycardia. His skin is cool and clammy to the touch, and blood pressure is 8030 mm Hg. Which of the following organ-specific changes is most likely to occur within 2 days after this injury _ _
Acute hepatic infarction
B. Cerebral basal ganglia hemorrhage
C. Renal passive congestion
D. Pulmonary diffuse alveolar damage
E. Gangrenous necrosis of the lower legs
A 70-year-old man who was hospitalized 3 weeks ago for a cerebral infarction is ambulating for the first time. Within minutes of returning to his hospital room, he has sudden onset of dyspnea with diaphoresis. He cannot be resuscitated. The gross appearance of the hilum of the left lung at autopsy is shown in the figure. Which of the following risk factors most likely contributed to this finding _ _
A. Venous stasis
B. Pulmonary arterial atherosclerosis
C. Lupus anticoagulant
D. Bronchopneumonia
E. Factor V mutation
A 25-year-old woman has had multiple episodes of deep venous thrombosis during the past 10 years and one episode of pulmonary thromboembolism during the past year. Prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet count, and platelet function studies are all normal. Which of the following risk factors has most likely contributed to the patient's condition _ _
A. Factor V mutation
B. Antithrombin III deficiency
C. Mutation in protein C
D. Hyperhomocysteinemia
E. Smoking cigarettes