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With the rapid spread of the internet eye where in the world, and the (1)_____ number of users, one of the most exciting developments on the internet is E-commerce—(2)_____ commerce. E-commerce has two forms, (3)_____ business-to-business, or B-to-B, and business-to-consumer, or B-to-C. B-to-C was the first of these developments. It grew (4)_____ from the first days when people started to buy things from their homes without going to a shop. First came "catalogue shopping" (5)_____ you choose what you want from a catalogue (6)_____ pictures and other details of everything that is (7)_____ sale. You then send an order with a check by (8)_____ and the things you have chosen sent to your home. Then (9)_____ "television shopping", where (10)_____ a catalogue, the items for sale are shown or (11)_____ on television to attract the customer. (12)_____, the customer sends a check and the item is delivered to his or her home. B-to-C is the (13)_____ development, where the "catalogue" is (14)_____ on the internet, combining the advantages of both the book catalogue and the television and indeed adding more (15)_____ The customer makes his choice but rather than sending an order and a (16)_____ through the post, he places the order and pays for it using his credit card, all using the (17)_____ Many people worry about giving (18)_____ of their credit card over the internet and the danger that it may be deceitfully used. (19)_____, the general view is that with modern systems of secure measures the dangers of the misuse of credit cards is (20)_____ greater in a shop, garage or restaurant than in using it for shopping on the internet.
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In developing a model of cognition, we must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain independent of motivation. While progress toward maturity is positively correlated with differentiation between motivation and cognition, tension will, even in the mature adult, lead towards a narrowing of the range of perception. Cognition can be seen as the first step in the sequence events leading from the external stimulus to the behavior of the individual. The child develops from belief that all things are an extension of its own body to the recognition that objects exist independent of his perception. He begins to demonstrate awareness of people and things which are removed from his sensory apparatus and initiates goal-directed behaviors. He may, however, refuse to recognize the existence of barriers to the attainment of his goal, despite the fact that his cognition of these objects has been previously demonstrated. In the primitive beings, goal-directed behavior can be very simple motivated. The presence of an attractive object will cause an infant to reach for it; its removal will result in the cease of that action. In adult life, mere cognition can be similarly motivational, although the visible presence of the opportunity is not required as the stimulants of response. The mature adult modifies his reaction by obtaining information, interpreting it, and examining consequences. He formulates a hypothesis and attempts to test it. He searches out implicit relationships, examines all factors, and differentiates among them. Just as the trained artist can separate the value of color, composition, and technique, while taking in and evaluating the whole work, so, too, the mature person brings his cognitive learning strengths to bear in evaluating a situation. Understanding that cognition is separate from action, his reaction is only minimally guided from conditioning, and take into consideration anticipatable events. The impact of the socialization process, particularly that of parental and social group ideology, may reduce cognitively directed behavior. The tension thus produced, as for instance the stress of fear, anger, or extreme emotion, will often be the primary influence. The evolutionary process of development from body schema through cognitive learning is similarly manifested in the process of language acquisition. Every normal infant has the physiological equipment necessary to produce sound, but the child must first master their use for sucking, biting, and chewing before he can control his equipment for use in producing the sounds of language. From the earlier times, it is clear that language and human thought have been intimately connected. Sending or receiving messages, from primitive warnings of danger to explaining creative or reflective thinking, this aspect of cognitive development is also firmly linked to the needs and aspirations of society. The influence of socialization process may
In a large, air-conditioned room in a conference center located in a city of more than a million people, well-qualified doctors of science discuss the pros and cons of global warming, and debate how the temperature of the sea is being measured. After several hours of discussion, they walk out into the warm sunshine of a summer"s day, heading off to a comfortable restaurant for lunch. On the same day, on the sands of small islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, baked hard by the burning sun, Hemi and Naqono look at the water lapping over the place where they once stored their potato plants. They watch the waves dashing gently at the feet of their straw huts which some years ago were many metres from the seashore. Global warming is a problem for theoretical discussion among scientists all over the world. For many Pacific Islanders it is now becoming a practical problem. While international science argues about global warming and climate change, low-lying Pacific Islands are already suffering coastal erosion and crop failures. In places such as Marshall Islands, where much of the land is only a metre above sea-level, villagers face leaving their slowly disappearing homes. Scientists and officials from 13 Pacific Island Countries discussed their concerns in a Pacific conference in Aukland, New Zealand, and examined a New Zealand computer model on climate change that could provide a valuable planning tool. Lack of meteorological and tidal research means Government agencies throughout the Pacific and the world have to rely largely on anecdotal of rising sea levels eroding foreshores, and increasingly severe droughts affecting the vital coconut crop. Australian research commissioned by the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme has already calculated that human greenhouse gas emissions already measured up to 1995 will cause a 5cm to 12cm sea-level rise by 2025. Pacific Island countries fear their vulnerable low-lying homes will be the first to pay the price for the emissions of industrialized nations. A Pacific Islands Climate Change Assistance Programme is already in place and is working on plans to help Pacific Islanders who have few resources to combat the fast-changing environmental circumstances. Yumi Crisostomo, of the Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Authority, said residents of some of the 1,225 islands in the group had reported alarming coastal erosion, forcing them to shift homes inland. Some islands were only about a kilometer across, so residents had little room to move. "We may have to look at the option of internal migration within the island group," he said. The author gives the example of Pacific islands climate change to
Forget about the days when banks lured customers with offers of "free" toaster. In the harsh new world of consumer banking, it"s the account holder who may get burned. Over the past few years, banks have systematically raised their old fees and invented new ones—as many as 100 different kinds. The size of these charges jumped more than 50 percent on checking and savings accounts since 1990, according to Bank Rate Monitor, an independent provider of financial data. Meanwhile, interest rates paid on passbook savings and negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) accounts failed to keep pace with inflation, let alone with other low-risk investments. And technologies like automated teller machines(ATMs) have truly turned into cash machines—for the bank. Checking Profits. According to a report by the Federal Reserve Board, fewer than eight percent of all commercial banks now offer tree checking. In some big cities, such as Los Angeles and San Francisco, free checking is virtually extinct. What"s more, the minimum balance required for the average checking account has increased dramatically since the Federal Reserve last surveyed banks in 1994. Account holders looking for interest on their checking through a NOW account had to raise their balance nearly 50 percent to $1,500 on average and they earned just 1.5 percent annually for their trouble. NationsBank in Miami recently offered a "Deluxe Secure" checking account. Depositors got only an average 1.5 percent interest on their checking balance. And they were required to keep $5,000 tied up in a savings account or $21 maintenance fee. New York City"s chemical informed its checking customers that their "low minimum" accounts would be converted into new "relationship" accounts—with a higher minimum balance. The new minimum necessary to avoid extra fees jumped from $1,500 to $3,000. The dubious new benefits to customers Banking executives say there"s a good reason why fees are higher. Since financial services were deregulated in the early 1980s, competitors have lured away high-margin business that once sustained bank profits. Americans are avoiding low-interest bank accounts in favor of high-yielding investments such as mutual funds. Creditcard holders can get more favorable terms from a national card issuer than from their local bank. Home-buyers can now tap a national market for the most competitive mortgage rates, and new-car buyers can shop for loans from auto-finance specialists like General Motors Acceptance Corp. Still, the banks have managed to regain their profits in part with high customer fees. In fact, the banking industry has reported record earnings over the past three years. The term "high-margin business" (Paragraph 7) probably means
In developing a model of cognition, we must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain independent of motivation. While progress toward maturity is positively correlated with differentiation between motivation and cognition, tension will, even in the mature adult, lead towards a narrowing of the range of perception. Cognition can be seen as the first step in the sequence events leading from the external stimulus to the behavior of the individual. The child develops from belief that all things are an extension of its own body to the recognition that objects exist independent of his perception. He begins to demonstrate awareness of people and things which are removed from his sensory apparatus and initiates goal-directed behaviors. He may, however, refuse to recognize the existence of barriers to the attainment of his goal, despite the fact that his cognition of these objects has been previously demonstrated. In the primitive beings, goal-directed behavior can be very simple motivated. The presence of an attractive object will cause an infant to reach for it; its removal will result in the cease of that action. In adult life, mere cognition can be similarly motivational, although the visible presence of the opportunity is not required as the stimulants of response. The mature adult modifies his reaction by obtaining information, interpreting it, and examining consequences. He formulates a hypothesis and attempts to test it. He searches out implicit relationships, examines all factors, and differentiates among them. Just as the trained artist can separate the value of color, composition, and technique, while taking in and evaluating the whole work, so, too, the mature person brings his cognitive learning strengths to bear in evaluating a situation. Understanding that cognition is separate from action, his reaction is only minimally guided from conditioning, and take into consideration anticipatable events. The impact of the socialization process, particularly that of parental and social group ideology, may reduce cognitively directed behavior. The tension thus produced, as for instance the stress of fear, anger, or extreme emotion, will often be the primary influence. The evolutionary process of development from body schema through cognitive learning is similarly manifested in the process of language acquisition. Every normal infant has the physiological equipment necessary to produce sound, but the child must first master their use for sucking, biting, and chewing before he can control his equipment for use in producing the sounds of language. From the earlier times, it is clear that language and human thought have been intimately connected. Sending or receiving messages, from primitive warnings of danger to explaining creative or reflective thinking, this aspect of cognitive development is also firmly linked to the needs and aspirations of society. Adults" motivational cognition may be stimulated by
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