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We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist ( 免疫学家) Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what wakens the immune system. Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are conditioned to confront with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively even when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression. One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin (糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader reexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals______.
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Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be (61) in a single large building. The importance of interior design becomes (62) when we realize how much time we (63) surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be (64) attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect (65) place to be appropriate to its use. You would be (66) if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look (67) the inside of a restaurant. And you wouldn’t feel (68) in a business office that has the appearance of a school. It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important (69) is the function of the particular (70) . For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping qualities, and (71) few entries and exits will not work for (72) purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be (73) . Nevertheless, it is not easy to make suitable (74) for different kinds of space, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor. (75) addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture according to the functions that need to be served.
Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be (61) in a single large building. The importance of interior design becomes (62) when we realize how much time we (63) surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be (64) attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect (65) place to be appropriate to its use. You would be (66) if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look (67) the inside of a restaurant. And you wouldn’t feel (68) in a business office that has the appearance of a school. It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important (69) is the function of the particular (70) . For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping qualities, and (71) few entries and exits will not work for (72) purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be (73) . Nevertheless, it is not easy to make suitable (74) for different kinds of space, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor. (75) addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture according to the functions that need to be served.
Part A You will hear 10 short dialogues. For each dialogue, there is one question and four possible answers. Choose the correct answer--A, B, C or D, and mark it in your test booklet. You will have 15 seconds to answer the question and you will hear each dialogue ONLY ONCE. Now look at Question 1. What does the woman think about Jack
Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion—a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotional world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Society’s economic underpinnings (支柱) would be destroyed: since earning $10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them. In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in implant (嵌入、插入 ) ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object’s physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us—hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are "good" and others are "bad", and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life—from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal (刑法的) system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts. Emotions are significant for man’s survival and adaptation because______.
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