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Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be (61) in a single large building. The importance of interior design becomes (62) when we realize how much time we (63) surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be (64) attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect (65) place to be appropriate to its use. You would be (66) if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look (67) the inside of a restaurant. And you wouldn’t feel (68) in a business office that has the appearance of a school. It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important (69) is the function of the particular (70) . For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping qualities, and (71) few entries and exits will not work for (72) purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be (73) . Nevertheless, it is not easy to make suitable (74) for different kinds of space, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor. (75) addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture according to the functions that need to be served.
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Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be (61) in a single large building. The importance of interior design becomes (62) when we realize how much time we (63) surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be (64) attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect (65) place to be appropriate to its use. You would be (66) if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look (67) the inside of a restaurant. And you wouldn’t feel (68) in a business office that has the appearance of a school. It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important (69) is the function of the particular (70) . For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping qualities, and (71) few entries and exits will not work for (72) purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be (73) . Nevertheless, it is not easy to make suitable (74) for different kinds of space, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor. (75) addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture according to the functions that need to be served.
Part A You will hear 10 short dialogues. For each dialogue, there is one question and four possible answers. Choose the correct answer--A, B, C or D, and mark it in your test booklet. You will have 15 seconds to answer the question and you will hear each dialogue ONLY ONCE. Now look at Question 1. What does the woman think about Jack
Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion—a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotional world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Society’s economic underpinnings (支柱) would be destroyed: since earning $10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them. In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in implant (嵌入、插入 ) ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object’s physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us—hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are "good" and others are "bad", and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life—from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal (刑法的) system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts. Emotions are significant for man’s survival and adaptation because______.
Most people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face in the courts if they handle things badly. But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in which health care is organized and financed. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly. But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollars—more than 10 percent of the U.S. budget—large numbers of Americans are left out. These include about half the 11 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits on income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can. The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control over the health system. There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services, other than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up. Two-thirds of the population are covered by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill. The medical profession has as a result become America’s new big businessmen. The average income of doctors has now reached $100,000 a year. With such vast incomes the talk in the doctor’s surgery is as likely to be about the doctor’s latest financial deal, as about whether the minor operation he is recommending at several thousand dollars is entirely necessary. The rising cost of medicine in the U.S.A. is among the most worrying problem facing the country. In 1981 the country’s health cost climbed 15.9 percent—about twice as fast as prices in general. What do most Americans think about health care in the U.S.
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