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TEXT D The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photograph’s fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century, the defence of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it Was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting. Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselves -- anything but making works of art. They are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art, except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art. It shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art. Photographers’ disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they arc getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting. Much of photography’s prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art, particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop painting during the 1960’s. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical Modernist painting -- that is, abstract art as developed in different ways by Picasso, Kandinsky, and Matisse -- presupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of art. Photography, like Pop painting, reassures viewers that art is not hard; photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art. Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will for get that photography is a distinctive and exalted activity -- in short, an art. Which of the following adjectives best describes "the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism" as the author represents it in Paragraph 2
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Sarah Peters was born on January 4th, 1973 in Brighton. She and her family lived in Brighton until she was ten. Then they moved to Oxford and stayed there until she left school-that’s Fendale Secondary School-at eighteen. Then she went to London Business College and got a diploma in Marketing. After that Sarah Peters got a job with a hotel group- The TFL Hotel Group in Liverpool, as a marketing assistant. That happened in 1992 and she left the hotel group in October 1993. she left because she didn’t like to stay in Liverpool. She wanted to work in London. Her life changed a lot after she went to London. She joined a large business company and soon made a name for herself because of her special ability and excellent work in marketing. Sarah peters is now married with two lovely daughters. Besides being an excellent marketing expert and a good mother, she is also a good writer. She has written two books about her marketing experiences. Why did she leave the TFL Hotel Group
TEXT E Seven years ago, an Environmental Protection Agency statistician stunned researchers studying the effects of air pollution on health when he reported analyses indicating that as many as 60, 000 U. S. residents die each year from breathing federally allowed concentrations of airborne dust. This and subsequent studies figured prominently in EPA’s decision last year to ratchet down the permitted concentration of breathable particles in urban air -- and in human airways. At the time, many industrialists argued that they shouldn’t have to pay for better pollution control because science had yet to suggest a plausible biological mechanism by which breathing low concentrations of urban dust might sicken or kill people. Now, scientists at the University of Texas Houston Health Science Center describe how they uncovered what they think may be one of the basic elements of that toxicity. On the alert for foreign debris, a community of white blood cells known as alveolar macrophages patrols small airways of the lung. When these cells encounter suspicious material, they identify it and send out a chemical clarion call to rally the immune system cells best suited to disabling and disposing of such matter. The trick is to recruit only as many troops as are needed. If they call in too many, the lung can sustain inflammatory damage from friendly fire. Alongside the small troop of macrophages that stimulates defense measures, a larger squadron of macrophages halts immune activity when it threatens the host. Andrij Holian and his coworkers in Houston have found that people with healthy lungs normally have 10 times as many suppressor macrophages as stimulatory ones. In people with asthma and other chronic lung diseases -- who face an increased risk of respiratory disease from inhaling urban dust -- that ratio may be only 3 to 1. The reason for the difference is not known. In a report to be published in the March Environmental Health Perspectives, Holian’s team describes test-tube studies of human alveolar macrophages. The macrophages showed no response to ask collected from the Mount St. Helen’s eruption. However, when exposed to airborne dust from St. Louis and Washington, D. C. , most of the suppresser macrophages underwent apoptosis, or cellular suicide, while the stimulatory ones survived unaffected. Ash from burned residual oil, a viscous boiler fuel, proved even more potent at triggering suppressor cell suicides. It this test-tube system models what’s actually happening in the human lung, Holian told Science News, the different responses of the two classes of lung macrophages could result in an overly aggressive immune response to normal triggering events. Indeed, he says, it would be the first step in a cascade that can end in inflammatory lung injury. "We may one day be able to target this up stream event and prevent that injury." "This is, I think, an important contribution to the overall story," says Daniel L. Costa of EPA’s pulmonary toxicology branch in Research Triangle Park, N.C. Studies by EPA suggest that certain metals -- especially iron, vanadium, nickel, and copper -- in smoke from combustion of fossil fuels trigger particularly aggressive inflammatory responses by lung cells. Costa says these metals play a "preminent" role in the toxicity of airborne particulates. When EPA researchers removed the metals, they also removed the toxicity, he says. Moreover, he notes, these metals tend to reside on the smallest water-soluble particles in urban air --the fraction targeted for more aggressive controls under the new rules. John Vandenberg, assistant director of EPA’s National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory in Research Triangle Park, says Holian’s results are "a nice complement to our studies." According to this passage, Environmental Protection Agency ______.
Mrs. Jones has invited her friends to dinner this evening. She went shopping in the supermarket this afternoon. She drove to the supermarket, got a cart (手推车) at the entrance (人口)and went in. After she had picked all she needed, she went to the cashier’s and paid the bill. It took Mrs. Jones almost 3 hours to prepare the meal, even with the help of her daughter Jane. The guests arrived at about 7:30. The meal was wonderful. Everyone had a good time this evening. The guests enjoyed themselves that evening.
所有的自动应用控制都会有一个手工控制与之相对应。注册会计师在实施控制测试时，应将自动化系统的每个应用控制与其对应的手工控制一起进行测试，才能得到应用控制是否可信赖的结论。 ( )
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