This has exposed the Convention to proposals to adopt a number of false solutions which perpetuate biodiversity destruction, climate change and erosion of people’s rights, especially those of women, indigenous peoples and local communities. Healthy ecosystems and biodiversity are vital for regulating the climate. False climate solutions which harm biodiversity, communities and ecosystems will further destabilise the climate. They also result in the displacement of, and the loss of rights of indigenous peoples and local communities. We are already witnessing such severe impacts, as the result of false solutions which are currently being implemented on a large scale: Agrofuel (also called biofuel) crops, and industrial tree plantations, which U. N. bodies falsely refer to as "afforestation and reforestation". To make matters worse, certification schemes, standards and criteria falsely promote these damaging activities as being "environmentally sustainable". A range of other false solutions have also been proposed and some of them are already beginning to be implemented. These also threaten to have grave impacts on biodiversity, climate stability and the rights of people. They do not address the root causes of climate change but have the potential to worsen the crisis, and include. GE trees for industrial tree plantations that will be used as agrofuels and "carbon sinks" ; Ocean- "fertilisation" ( for example dumping iron particles in the sea) Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS); This includes fossil fuel combustion with CCS and bioenergy with CCS; Soil carbon sequestration schemes linked to industrial agriculture. Corporations are also promoting false solutions for climate change adaptation. Those include genetic engineering, using patented genes to induce resistance in crops to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures. At a time when rampant free market capitalism has led to financial crisis, with skyrocketing oil and food prices, market based "innovative" financial mechanisms are still being promoted to commodity nature including, carbon trading, carbon offsets, payments for environmental services, REDD, and biodiversity offsets. These "solutions" are more likely to endanger biodiversity, climate and communities. Such false solutions are really for the benefit of corporations. The real agenda behind this is to increase corporate control over land, forests, water, agriculture and biodiversity, using climate change and the biodiversity crisis as an opportunity to further these objectives. This is a new 21st century phase of colonialism. These false solutions are facilitated by false definitions and language. For example, tree plantations are referred to as "forests" and intensive industrial agriculture is Called a "Green Revolution". We call on the international negotiators and representatives of the different sectors and NGOs at CBD COP9 to oppose any intent to water down the Convention and perpetuate corporate interests. They must reject GE trees, industrial agrofuels and plantations, carbon trading and offsets; ocean fertilization, climate ready genes, another destructive "Green Revolution" and any other false solution that ignores and harms community rights, including those of indigenous peoples, degrades ecosystems, and constitutes a threat to biodiversity and climate. Which of the following is NOT a false solution
Agrofuel crops.
B. GE plants.
C. Ocean-fertilization.
D. Certification schemes.
What we know of prenatal development makes all this attempt made by a mother to mold the character of her unborn child by studying poetry, art, or mathematics during pregnancy seem utterly impossible. How could such extremely complex influences pass from the mother to the child There is no connection between their nervous systems. Even the blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly. An emotional shock to the mother will affect her child, because it changes the activity of her glands and so the chemistry of her blood. Any chemical change in the mother’s blood will affect the child for better or worse. But we can not see how a looking for mathematics or poetic genius can be dissolved in blood and produce a similar liking or genius in the child. In our discussion of instincts we saw that there was reason to believe that whatever we inherit must be of some very simple sort rather than any complicated or very definite kind of behavior. It is certain that no one inherits a knowledge of mathematics. It may be, however, that children inherit more or less of a rather general ability that we may call intelligence. If very intelligent children become deeply interested in mathematics, they will probably make a success of that study. As for musical ability, it may be that what is inherited is an especially sensitive ear, a peculiar structure of the hands or the vocal organs connections between nerves and muscles that make it comparatively easy to learn the movements a musician must execute, and particularly vigorous emotions. If these factors are all organized around music, the child may become a musician. The same factors, in other circumstance might be organized about some other center of interest. The rich emotional equipment might find expression in poetry. The capable fingers might develop skill in surgery. It is not the knowledge of music that is inherited, then nor even the love of it, but a certain bodily structure that makes it comparatively easy to acquire musical knowledge and skill. Whether that ability shall be directed toward music or some other undertaking may be decided entirely by forces in the environment in which a child grows up. According to the passage, a child can NOT inherit ______.
A. capable fingers
B. a sensitive ear
C. a rather general ability called intelligence
D. her mother’s musical ability
Before talking about what forensic and criminal psychology is, we must define criminal behavior first. Criminal behavior suggests a large number and variety of acts. Andrew and Bonta (1998) suggest four broad definitions of criminal behavior and the acts and behaviors that fit within these domains. These four areas are legal criminal behavior or actions that are prohibited by the state and punishable under the law, moral criminal behavior which refers to actions that violate the norms of religion and morality and are believed to be punishable by a supreme spiritual being, social criminal behavior which refers to actions that violate the norms of custom and tradition and are punishable by a community and finally psychological criminal behavior that refers to actions that may be rewarding to the actor but inflict pain or loss on others--it is criminal behavior that is anti-social behavior. A good working definition can be seen as. "antisocial acts that place the actor at risk of becoming the focus of the attention of the criminal and juvenile professionals (Andrews and Bonta, 1998). It is difficult to define criminal behavior as ideas of what is considered immoral, unconventional, illegal or antisocial as it is not stable over time or place. For example, not wearing seatbelt, homosexual activity or spanking a child are all items that have been considered either illegal or legal at one point in time. Delinquency must be distinguished from criminality. Delinquency is defined as behavior that is illegal, immoral or deviant with respect to societal values. Criminality on the other hand is defined as a breaking of existing laws, there is little or no confusion as to what constitutes illegal and legal behaviors, When measuring criminal behavior we are trying in a way to predict future criminal behaviors. We may measure criminal behavior by arrests and charges, however not everyone charged is found guilty. We can also measure the amounts of convictions and incarcerations. We can also measure the amount of self-reported offences and some believe that this may be a more accurate way to measure criminal behavior. This is debatable as there may be reasons that the individuals participating in the anonymous self-report surveys may distrust that their responses are anonymous. As well, individuals may over-or underestimate their crimes for personal reasons. Therefore, when we study criminal behavior we typically study what is known about persons who have been defined as criminals through the criminal justice system. Estimates of actual crime rates are usually obtained from official sources, yet different sources may yield different estimates. Crime reports generally categorize crimes by type of crime and offender characteristics such as age, gender, race and location. According to Andrew and Bonta’s definitions, if someone disrespects and verbally abuses his parents, it is ______.
A. legal criminal behavior
B. moral criminal behavior
C. social criminal behavior
D. psychological criminal behavior
Against the backdrop of the Montreal Summit on global climate being held this week, an article on Mrican droughts and monsoons, by a University of California, Santa Barbara scientist and others, which appears in the December issue of the journal Geology, underlines concern about the effects of global climate change. Tropical ocean temperatures and land vegetation have an important effect on African monsoon systems, explains first author Syee Weldeab, a post-doctoral fellow in the Department of Earth Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The monsoons are critical to sustaining agriculture in equatorial Mrica. Weldeab says that man’s reduction of inland vegetation cover through deforestation and overgrazing in equatorial Africa and increases in global temperatures through the emission of greenhouse gases will likely strongly affect the African monsoon system in the future. "The weakening of the monsoon has a huge effect," says Wetdeab, "resulting in shortages of harvests and hunger." As vegetation is cleared, the land loses its capacity to retain heat and becomes cooler. As the land cools relative to the ocean, there is a larger gradient between the ocean temperature and the land causing less moisture to be pulled from the ocean air toward the land. Weldeab and his colleagues studied cores from beneath the ocean floor of the Gulf of Guinea, in the tropical Atlantic just off the coast of Cameroon, to understand the history of climate in the area for the past 10,000 years. The cores contain foraminifera, tiny plankton shells that are composed of calcium and trace elements. By studying the ratios of magnesium and calcium in the shells, the. scientists are able to correlate that information to past temperature changes in the ocean. In analyzing these records for the past 10,000 years, the scientists found three pronounced cooling periods which indicate drought. Besides the ocean records, the scientists analyzed data from four lakes that are distributed across central Africa on the monsoon belt. The three sea surface cooling periods found by the scientists correlate to records of low lake levels. These clearly were times of drought; the land became more arid. The authors state, "periods of drought likely brought about environmental hardship, triggering population migration, giving rise to changes in the modes of agricultural production, and influencing the fall or rise of civilizations." Weldeab points out that the past 50 years are marked by deforestation and overgrazing much greater than that of the past, thus disturbing the climate system that results from the coupling of sea surface temperature and vegetation cover on land. "We can’t predict how, but it is clear that this human-induced change will change the terrestrial and ocean system," he says. He notes that droughts in this region are currently occurring more frequently than in the past few thousand years, although the frequency of the droughts is unpredictable. "People in less developed countries live from rain, harvests and animal husbandry," says Weldeab. "Drought directly affects them; they run out of food for people and animals.\ We may infer from the scientists’ study that ______.
A. cameroon suffers most from the weakening of monsoon
B. foraminifera are composed of calcium and magnesium
C. ratios of magnesium and calcium can reflect temperature changes in ocean
D. the three sea surface cooling periods can reflect low lake levels