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Industrial psychology is the application of various psychological techniques to the selection and training of industrial workers and to the promotion of efficient working conditions and techniques, as well as individual job satisfaction.The selection of workers for particular jobs is essentially a problem of discovering the special aptitudes and techniques, and personality characteristics needed for the job and of devising tests to determine whether candidates have such aptitudes and characteristics. The development of tests of this kind has long been a field of psychological research. Once the worker is on the job and has been trained, the fundamental aim of the industrial psychologist is to find ways in which a particular job can best be accomplished with a minimum of effort and a maximum of individual satisfaction. The psychologist’s function, therefore, differs from that of the so-called efficiency expert, who places primary emphasis on increased production. (76) Psychological techniques used to lessen the effort involved in a given job include a detailed study of the motion required to do the .job, the equipment used, and the conditions under which the job is performed. After making such a study, the industrial psychologist often determines that the job in question may be accomplished with less effort by changing the routine motions of the work itself, changing or moving the tools, improving the working Conditions, or a combination of several of these methods.(77) Industrial psychologists have also studied the effects of fatigue on workers to determine the length of working time that yields the greatest productivity. In some cases such studies have proven that total production on particular jobs could be increased by reducing the number of working hours or by increasing the number of rest periods, or "breaks", during the day. Industrial psychologists may also suggest less direct requirements for general improvement of job performance, such as establishing a better line of communication between employees and management. The industrial psychologist’s function differs from that of the efficiency experts in that the former().
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Industrial psychology is the application of various psychological techniques to the selection and training of industrial workers and to the promotion of efficient working conditions and techniques, as well as individual job satisfaction.The selection of workers for particular jobs is essentially a problem of discovering the special aptitudes and techniques, and personality characteristics needed for the job and of devising tests to determine whether candidates have such aptitudes and characteristics. The development of tests of this kind has long been a field of psychological research. Once the worker is on the job and has been trained, the fundamental aim of the industrial psychologist is to find ways in which a particular job can best be accomplished with a minimum of effort and a maximum of individual satisfaction. The psychologist’s function, therefore, differs from that of the so-called efficiency expert, who places primary emphasis on increased production. (76) Psychological techniques used to lessen the effort involved in a given job include a detailed study of the motion required to do the .job, the equipment used, and the conditions under which the job is performed. After making such a study, the industrial psychologist often determines that the job in question may be accomplished with less effort by changing the routine motions of the work itself, changing or moving the tools, improving the working Conditions, or a combination of several of these methods.(77) Industrial psychologists have also studied the effects of fatigue on workers to determine the length of working time that yields the greatest productivity. In some cases such studies have proven that total production on particular jobs could be increased by reducing the number of working hours or by increasing the number of rest periods, or "breaks", during the day. Industrial psychologists may also suggest less direct requirements for general improvement of job performance, such as establishing a better line of communication between employees and management. A test in industrial psychology is used to find out().
The ways of history are so intricate and the motivations of human actions so complex that it is always hazardous to attempt to represent events cover 41. ______ a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, and distant localities as the expression of one intellectual and social movement; yet the historical process 42. ______ which culminates in the ascent of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency 43. ______ can be regarded as the outstanding example not only of the birth of a new way of life but nationalism as a new way of life. The American Revolution 44. ______ represents the link between the seventeenth century, in which modern England became conscious of itself, and the awakening of modern Europe in the 45. ______ end of the eighteenth century. It may seem strange that the march of history should have to cross the Atlantic Ocean, but only in the North American 46. ______ colonies a struggle for civic liberty lead also to the foundation of a new 47. ______ nation. Here, in the popular rising for a "tyrannical" government, the fruits 48. ______ were more than the securing of a free constitution. They included the growth 49. ______ of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people, not from the roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions of king or dynasty. With the American nation, in the first time, a nation was born, not in the 50. ______ dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole world.
Throughout the colonial period there was a remarkable shortage of women, which varied with the regions and was always greatest in the frontier areas.This shortage enhanced women’s status and position and allowed them to pursue different careers. (80) The Puritans (清教徒) regarded idleness (无所事事) as a sin, and believed that life in an underdeveloped country made it necessary that each member of the community perform an economic function. Thus work for women was not only approved but also was regarded as a civic (市民的) duty. Puritan town councils (议会) expected widows (寡妇) and independent women to be self-supporting.There was no social prohibition against married women working; on the contrary, wives were expected to help their husbands in their trade and won social approval for doing extra work in or out of the home.The vast majority of women worked within their homes, where their labor produced most articles needed for the family.The entire colonial production of cloth and clothing and partly that of shoes was in the hands of women.In addition to these occupations, women were found in many different kinds of employment.They were butchers, silversmiths and gunsmiths.They ran mills, plantations, shipyards, and every kind of shops.They were gatekeepers, jail keepers, journalists, printers, nurses, and teachers. According to the passage, what did the Puritans expect from married women().
Most of us trade money for entertainment.Movies, concerts and shows are enjoyable but expensive. (78) If you think that you can’t have a good time without spending a lot of money, read on. A little resourcefulness and a few minutes of newspaper-scanning should give you some pleasant surprises.People may be the most interesting show in a large city. Stroll through busy streets and see what everybody else is doing.You will probably see people from all over the world; you will certainly see people of every age, size, and shape, and you’ll get a free fashion show, too.Window- shopping is also a safe sport--if the stores are closed.Check the listings in your neighborhood paper.Local colleges or schools often welcome the public to hear an interesting speaker or a good debate.The film or concert series at the local public library probably won’t cost you a penny.Be sure to check commercial advertisements too.A flea market can provide hours of pleasant browsing.Perhaps you can find a free cooking or crafts in a department store.Plan ahead for some activities.It is always more pleasant not to have people in front of you in a museum or at a zoo.You may save some money, too, since these places often set aside one or two free admission days at slow times during the week. (79) Pretend that you are a tourist from time to time, and get to know your city all over again including the indispensable (不可错过的) sights that people travel miles to see. If you feel like taking an interesting walk, find a free walking tour, or plan one yourself.You will see your city in a new perspective (视角) once you know more about its history or its architectural treasures.With imagination and a spirit of adventure you can quite easily find good entertainment at no cost at all. Which Of the following statements is NOT true().
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