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One of the main responsibilities of ICMP is to report ______. Although technology has produced increasingly reliable transmission media, errors still exist and must be handled. IP is an ______ protocol. This means that error checking and error control are not a concem ofIP JCMP wasdesigned, in part, to compensate for this shortcoming. Howerver, ICMP does not ______ errors, itsimply reports them. Error correction is left to the higher-level protocols. Error messages arealways sent to the original ______ because the only information available in the datagram aboutthe route is the source and destination 1P addresses. ICMP uses the source IP address to send theerror massage to the source of the ______.
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We have already covered the topic of network addresses. The first （1） in a block (in class A, B, and C) defines the network address. In classes A, B, and C, if the hosted is all 1 s, the addressis called a direct broadcast address. It is used by a （2）to send a packet to all hosts in a specificnetwork. All hosts will accept a packet having this type of destination address. Note that thisaddress can be used only as a （3） address in an IP packet. Note also that this special addressalso reduces the number if available hosted for each netid in classes A, B, and C.In classes A, B, and C, an address with all 1 s for the netid and hosted (32 bits) define a （4） address in the current network. A host that wants to send a message to every other hosts can use this address as destinationaddress in an IP packet. However, a router will block a packet having this type of address to confine thebroadcasting to the （5） network. Note that this address belongs to class E. （5）是（）
For（1） service, we need a virtual-circuit subnet. Let us see how that works. The idea behind virtual circuits is to avoid having to choose a new （2） for every packet sent. Instead,when a connection is established, a route from the （3）machine to the destination machine ischosen as part of the connection setup and stored in tables inside the（4）That route is used forall traffic flowing over the connection, exactly the same way that the telephone system works.When the connection is released, the virtual circuit is also terminated. With connection-orientedservice, each packet carries an （5）telling which virtual circuit it belongs to. （3）是（）
For（1） service, we need a virtual-circuit subnet. Let us see how that works. The idea behind virtual circuits is to avoid having to choose a new （2） for every packet sent. Instead,when a connection is established, a route from the （3）machine to the destination machine ischosen as part of the connection setup and stored in tables inside the（4）That route is used forall traffic flowing over the connection, exactly the same way that the telephone system works.When the connection is released, the virtual circuit is also terminated. With connection-orientedservice, each packet carries an （5）telling which virtual circuit it belongs to. （4）是（）
A management domain typically contains a large amount of management information. Each individual item of（1）information is an instance of a managed object type. The definition of arelated set of managed （2）types is contained in a Management Information Base(MIB) module. Many such MIB modules are defined. For each managed object type it describes, a MIB（3）defines not only the semantics and syntax of that managed object type, but also the method ofidentifying an individual instance so that multiple （4） of the same managed object type can bedistinguished. Typically, there are instances of each managed object（5） within a managementdomain. （5）是（）
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