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消费者剩余是消费者的______。
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An English schoolboy would only ask his friend: "Wassa time, then" To his teacher he would be much more likely to speak in a more standardized accent and ask: "Excuse me, sir may I have the correct time please" People are generally aware that the phrases and expressions they use are different from those of earlier generations; but they concede less that their own behavior also varies according to the situation in which they find themselves; People have characteristic ways of talking, which are relatively stable across varying situations. Nevertheless, distinct contexts, and different listeners, demand different patterns of speech from one and the same speaker. Not only this, but, in many cases, the way someone speaks affects the response of the person to whom he is speaking in such a way that "modeling" is seen to occur. This is what Michael Argyle has called "response matching". Several studies have shown that, the more one reveals about oneself in ordinary conversation, and the more intimate these details are, the more personal secrets the other person will divulge. Response matching, has, in fact, been noted between two speakers in a number of ways, including how long someone speaks, the length of pauses, speech rate and voice loudness. The correspondence between the length of reporters questions when interviewing President Kennedy, and the length of his replies has been shown to have increased over the duration of his 1961—1963 news conferences. Argyle says this process may be one of "imitation". Two American researchers, Jaffe and Feldstein, prefer to think of it as the speaker"s need for equilibrium. Neither of these explanations seems particularly convincing. It may be that response matching can be more profitably considered as an unconscious reflection of speakers" needs for social integration with one another. This process of modeling the other person"s speech in a conversation could also be termed speech convergence. It may only be one aspect of a much wider speech change. In other situations, speech divergence may occur when certain factors encourage a person to modify his speech away from the individual he is dealing with. For example, a retired brigadier"s wife, renowned for her incessant snobbishness, may return her vehicle to the local garage because of inadequate servicing, voicing her complaint in elaborately phrased, yet mechanically unsophisticated(不老练的) language, with a high soft-pitched voice. These superior airs and graces may simply make the mechanic reply with a flourish of almost incomprehensible technicalities, and in a louder, more deeply-pitched voice than he would have used with a less irritating customer. The mechanic address from the retired brigadier"s wife is an example of______
A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on children. A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema. But although child psychologists have spent a great deal of time studying this problem, there is not much evidence that "television brings about juvenile delinquency. Few people in the modern world share the views of parents a hundred years ago. In those days, writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books but had no inhibitions about including scenes of violence. These days children are often brought up to think freely about sex but violence is discouraged. Nevertheless, television companies receive a large number of letters every week complain about programmes with adults themes being shown at times when a few young children may be awake. Strangely enough, the parents who complain about these programmes see no harm in cartoon films for children in which the villain, usually either an animal or a monster, but in some cases a human being, suffers one brutal punishment after another. The fact is that, as every parent knows, different things frighten different children. One child can read a ghost story without having bad dreams while another cannot bear to have the book in his room. In the same way, there is little consistency about the things that terrify adults. Almost every one has an irrational private fear but while some of us cannot stand the sight of spiders, for example, others are frightened of snakes or rats. The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject nor the action in itself frightens children. The context in which cruelty or violence occurs is much more important. A good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their parents. In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child"s parents should be in real life. There is an adult character who is a coward and a liar, but both the children are brave and of course every story ends happily. Some people think children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible. But they cannot help seeing these through new programmes. When they are being entertained, the healthiest atmosphere is one in which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave naturally and confidently in any situation. Which statement is true______
A father"s relationship to his child"s current and future academic success and the level of his or her development in academic potential and scholastic achievement are both factors with some rather interesting implications that educators are beginning to study and appraise. As a matter of fact, "life with father", has been discovered to be a very important factor in determining a child"s progress or lack of progress in school. A recent survey of over 16,000 children made by the National Child Development Study in London, England, revealed that children whose fathers came to school conferences and accompanied their children on outings did measurably better in school than did those children x, hose fathers were not involved in these activities. The study, which monitored children born during a week in March, 1958, from the time of their birth through the years of their early schooling, further revealed that the children of actively involved fathers scored as much as seven months higher in reading and maths than did those children whose only involved parent was the mother. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role played by fathers in the raising of a child. It indicated a much higher level of parental involvement by the father than had been anticipated. Over 66% of the fathers were said to have played a major role in parental responsibility. The study also suggested that the greatest level of parental parenting took place in the families of only children. As the number of children and financial obligations increased, the father"s apparent interest and involvement with the children decreased. However, no matter what the size of financial condition of the family, a father"s active participation in the child"s development made great difference in the children"s progress. The study further revealed that while the frequency of overnight absences reflected a corresponding deficiency of the child"s level in maths and reading, a father"s employment on late shifts appeared to have little effect on the child"s academic progress. The data from the study was obtained primarily through interviews with parents, teachers and physicians. The information evaluating the level of the father"s parenting performance was elicited primarily from the admittedly subjective observations of their wives. Evidence indicated that a high percentage of fathers were involved in the parenting process,which amounted to______
A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on children. A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema. But although child psychologists have spent a great deal of time studying this problem, there is not much evidence that "television brings about juvenile delinquency. Few people in the modern world share the views of parents a hundred years ago. In those days, writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books but had no inhibitions about including scenes of violence. These days children are often brought up to think freely about sex but violence is discouraged. Nevertheless, television companies receive a large number of letters every week complain about programmes with adults themes being shown at times when a few young children may be awake. Strangely enough, the parents who complain about these programmes see no harm in cartoon films for children in which the villain, usually either an animal or a monster, but in some cases a human being, suffers one brutal punishment after another. The fact is that, as every parent knows, different things frighten different children. One child can read a ghost story without having bad dreams while another cannot bear to have the book in his room. In the same way, there is little consistency about the things that terrify adults. Almost every one has an irrational private fear but while some of us cannot stand the sight of spiders, for example, others are frightened of snakes or rats. The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject nor the action in itself frightens children. The context in which cruelty or violence occurs is much more important. A good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their parents. In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child"s parents should be in real life. There is an adult character who is a coward and a liar, but both the children are brave and of course every story ends happily. Some people think children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible. But they cannot help seeing these through new programmes. When they are being entertained, the healthiest atmosphere is one in which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave naturally and confidently in any situation. The television series mentioned is healthy in that______
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