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案例分析题Insurance companies provide a service to the community by protecting it against expected and unexpected disasters. Before an insurance company will agree to (1) anything, it collects accurate figures about the (2) . It knows, for example, that the risk of a man being killed in a plane accident is less than the risk he (3) in crossing a busy road. This (4) it to quote low figures for travel insurance. Sometimes the risk may be high, as in motorracing or mountaineering. Then the company (5) a much higher price. (6) too many climbers have accidents, the price rises still further. If the majority of climbers fall off mountains, the company will (7) to insure them.An ordinary householder may wish to protect his home against fire or his (8) against burglary. A shop keeper may wish to insure against (9) . In (10) cases, the company will check its statistics and quote a premium. If it is (11) , it may refuse to quote. If it insures a shop and then receives a suspicious (12) , it will (13) the claim as a means of protecting itself against false claims. It is not unknown for a businessman in debt to burn down his own premises so that he can claim much money from his insurance company. He can be sure that the fire will be investigated most carefully. Insurance companies also (14) insurance against shipwreck or disaster in the air. Planes and ships are very expensive, so a large (15) is charged, but a (16) is given to companies with an accident-free record.Every week insurance companies receive premium (17) from customers. These payments can form a very large total (18) millions of dollars. The company does not leave the money in the bank. It (19) in property, shares, farms and even antique paintings and stamps. Its aim is to obtain the best possible return on its investment. This is not so greedy as it may seem, since this is one way by which it can deep its premiums down and continue to make a profit (20) being of service to the community. 4（）
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案例分析题Insurance companies provide a service to the community by protecting it against expected and unexpected disasters. Before an insurance company will agree to (1) anything, it collects accurate figures about the (2) . It knows, for example, that the risk of a man being killed in a plane accident is less than the risk he (3) in crossing a busy road. This (4) it to quote low figures for travel insurance. Sometimes the risk may be high, as in motorracing or mountaineering. Then the company (5) a much higher price. (6) too many climbers have accidents, the price rises still further. If the majority of climbers fall off mountains, the company will (7) to insure them.An ordinary householder may wish to protect his home against fire or his (8) against burglary. A shop keeper may wish to insure against (9) . In (10) cases, the company will check its statistics and quote a premium. If it is (11) , it may refuse to quote. If it insures a shop and then receives a suspicious (12) , it will (13) the claim as a means of protecting itself against false claims. It is not unknown for a businessman in debt to burn down his own premises so that he can claim much money from his insurance company. He can be sure that the fire will be investigated most carefully. Insurance companies also (14) insurance against shipwreck or disaster in the air. Planes and ships are very expensive, so a large (15) is charged, but a (16) is given to companies with an accident-free record.Every week insurance companies receive premium (17) from customers. These payments can form a very large total (18) millions of dollars. The company does not leave the money in the bank. It (19) in property, shares, farms and even antique paintings and stamps. Its aim is to obtain the best possible return on its investment. This is not so greedy as it may seem, since this is one way by which it can deep its premiums down and continue to make a profit (20) being of service to the community. 2（）
案例分析题Humans have never lacked for ways to get wasted. The natural world is full of soothing but addictive leaves and fruits and fungi, and for centuries, science has added them to the pharmacopoeia to relieve the pain of patients. In the past two decades, that’s been especially true. As the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations developed new policies to treat pain more actively, approaching it not just as an unfortunate side effect of illness but as a fifth vital sign, along with temperature, heart rate, respirtory rate and blood pressure, a bounty of new opoids(鸦片类物)has rolled off Big Pharma’s production line.There was fentanyl, synthetic opioid around since the 1960s that went into wide use as a treatment for cancer pain in the 1990s. That was followed by Oxycodone, a short-acting drug for more routine pain, and after thatcame Oxycontin, a 12-hour formulation of the same powerful pill. Finally came hydrocodone. The government considers hydrocodone a Schedule Ⅲ drug—one with a " moderate or low" risk of dependency, as opposed to Schedule Ⅱ’s, which carry a "severe" risk. Physicians must submit a written prescription for Schedule Ⅱ drugs ; for Schedule Ⅲ’s, they just phone the pharmacy. ( Schedule I substances are drugs like heroin that are never prescribed. ) For patients, that wealth of choices spelled danger.The result has hardly been surprising. Since 1990, there has been a tenfold increase in prescriptions for opioids in the U. S. , according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP). In 1990 there were barely 6, 000 deaths from accidental drug poisoning in the U. S. By 2007 that number had nearly quintupled, to 27, 658.Health officials do not tease out which drug is responsible for every death, and it’s not always possible. "There may be lots of drugs on board, " says Cathy Barber, director of the Injury Control Research Center at the Harvard School of Public Health. "Is it the opioid that caused the death Or is it the combination of opioid, benzodiazepine and a cocktail the person had" Still, most experts agree that nothing but the exploding availability of opioids could be behind the exploding rate of death.Despite such heavy death toil, the suivellance over these popular pills faces regulatory maze. In early 2009, the FDA announced that it was initiating a " risk-evaluation and mitigation strategy". The regulations the FDA is empowered to issue include requiring manufacturers to provide better information to patients and doctors, requiring doctors to meet certain educational criteria before writing opioid prescriptions and limiting the number of docs and pharmacies allowed to prescribe or dispense the drugs. "And with all that, "warns Dr. John Jenkins, director of the FDA’s Office of New Drugs, " we do still have to make sure patients have access to drugs they need. "Any regulations the FDA does impose won’t be announced until 2011 at the earliest and could take a year or more to roll out. That leaves millions of people continuing to fill prescriptions, tens of thousands per year dying and patients in genuine pain wondering when a needed medication will relieve their suffering—and when it could lead to something worse. It can be inferred from the passage that （）.
案例分析题Insurance companies provide a service to the community by protecting it against expected and unexpected disasters. Before an insurance company will agree to (1) anything, it collects accurate figures about the (2) . It knows, for example, that the risk of a man being killed in a plane accident is less than the risk he (3) in crossing a busy road. This (4) it to quote low figures for travel insurance. Sometimes the risk may be high, as in motorracing or mountaineering. Then the company (5) a much higher price. (6) too many climbers have accidents, the price rises still further. If the majority of climbers fall off mountains, the company will (7) to insure them.An ordinary householder may wish to protect his home against fire or his (8) against burglary. A shop keeper may wish to insure against (9) . In (10) cases, the company will check its statistics and quote a premium. If it is (11) , it may refuse to quote. If it insures a shop and then receives a suspicious (12) , it will (13) the claim as a means of protecting itself against false claims. It is not unknown for a businessman in debt to burn down his own premises so that he can claim much money from his insurance company. He can be sure that the fire will be investigated most carefully. Insurance companies also (14) insurance against shipwreck or disaster in the air. Planes and ships are very expensive, so a large (15) is charged, but a (16) is given to companies with an accident-free record.Every week insurance companies receive premium (17) from customers. These payments can form a very large total (18) millions of dollars. The company does not leave the money in the bank. It (19) in property, shares, farms and even antique paintings and stamps. Its aim is to obtain the best possible return on its investment. This is not so greedy as it may seem, since this is one way by which it can deep its premiums down and continue to make a profit (20) being of service to the community. 20（）
简答题Signs of American culture, ranging from fast food to Hollywood movies, can be seen around the world. But now anthropologists have discovered a far more troubling cultural export from the United States—stigma against fat people.Negative perceptions about people who are overweight are becoming the cultural norm in many countries, according to a new report in the journal Current Anthropology. (47) Although some of the shift in thinking likely is explained by idealized slim body images promoted in American advertising and Hollywood movies, the emergence of fat stigma around the world may also result from public health efforts to promote obesity as a disease and a worrisome threat to a nation’s health.Researchers from Arizona State University Dr. Brewis and her colleagues recently completed a multicountry study intended to give a snapshot of the international zeitgeist about weight and body image. (48) The researchers elicited answers of true or false to statements with varying degrees of fat stigmatization. The fat stigma test included statements like, "People are overweight because they are lazy" and" Fat people are fated to be fat". Using mostly in person interviews, supplemented with questions posed over the Internet, they tested attitudes among 700 people in 10 countries, territories and cities.The findings were troubling. Dr. Brewis said she fully expected high levels of fat stigma to show up in the "Anglosphere" countries, including the United States, England and New Zealand, as well as in body conscious Argentina. (49) But what she did not expect was how strongly people in the rest of the testing sites that have historically held more positive views of larger bodies, including Puerto Rico and American Samoa expressed negative attitudes about weight. The results, Dr. Brewis said, suggest a surprisingly rapid "globalization of fat stigma. "To be sure , jokes and negative perceptions about weight have been around for ages. But what appears to have changed most is the level of criticism and blame leveled at people who are overweight. (50) One reason may be that public health campaigns branding obesity as a disease are sometimes perceived as being critical of individuals rather than the environmental and social factors that lead to weight gain. "Of all the things we could be exporting to help people around the world, really negative body image and low self-esteem are not what we hope is going out with public health messaging. "Dr. Brewis said.Dr. Brewis notes that far more study is needed to determine the extent of fat stigma and whether people were experiencing more social or workplace discrimination as a result of the growing fat stigma. "I think the next big question is whether it’s going to create a lot of new suffering where suffering didn’t exist before, " Dr. Brewis said. "I think it’s important that we think about designing health messages around obesity that don’t exacerbate the problem. \ 47（）
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